{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:37:10Z","timestamp":1791430630563,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISRAEL SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION (ISF)","award":["2509\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2509\/21"]}]},{"name":"Zanvyl and Isabelle Krieger Fund, Baltimore, MD, USA","award":["2509\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2509\/21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cobalt is a trace element, crucial for red blood cell formation and neurological function. Cobalt toxicity is often only diagnosed after severe manifestations, including visual impairment. We aimed to investigate whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can effectively detect cobalt-induced ocular toxicity in a murine model. Five wild-type mice (WT, C57Bl6) received daily intraperitoneal cobalt chloride injections for 28 days with a dosage of 12.5 mg\/kg. Another 5 WT mice served as controls. After 28 days, all mice underwent manganese contrast-enhanced MRI and OCT examinations. Macroscopic and histological analysis of the enucleated eyes were performed. MRI revealed an increased signal in the optic nerves of injected mice. Anterion OCT provided in vivo visualization of the entire eye, demonstrating incipient cataract formation in the cobalt-injected mice. Both Spectralis domain OCT and Anterion, followed by histological analyses, confirmed preserved retinal structure with decreased thickness in the cobalt-injected group, with only minor neuronal damage and cell loss. Optic nerve analysis demonstrated myelin loss and increased inflammation with high levels of reactive gliosis. This study demonstrates optic neuropathy induced by cobalt toxicity, as shown by increased optic nerve signal on MRI without significant retinopathy. Anterion OCT showed incipient cataracts in the anterior segment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps8010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T06:05:10Z","timestamp":1735797910000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In Vivo Imaging of Cobalt-Induced Ocular Toxicity in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Basel","family":"Obied","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Bruce and Ruth Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galit","family":"Saar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Bruce and Ruth Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Bruce and Ruth Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ygal","family":"Rotenstreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0859-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifat","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-5253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Zahavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5648-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitza","family":"Goldenberg-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Bruce and Ruth Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3339419, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.05.015","article-title":"Cobalt toxicity in humans-A review of the potential sources and systemic health effects","volume":"387","author":"Leyssens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000400","article-title":"Cobalt-chromium metallosis with normal electroretinogram","volume":"36","author":"Grillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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