{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:31:12Z","timestamp":1760059872312,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European &amp; Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership (EDCTP) Career Development Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMA2019CDF-2731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2019CDF-2731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Every year, diarrhoea is responsible for &gt;1 million deaths in children with ages from 0 to 5 years, with rotavirus as the leading cause. The regions most affected lack routine rotavirus diagnosis due to high cost, lack of necessary equipment and shortage of trained-personnel for Enzyme-Link-Immunosorbent-Assay (ELISA) and molecular methods. We report the development and evaluation of a cheap, nanoparticle-based immunoassay for routine machine-free rotavirus diagnosis. In this work, optimal conditions for oxidation of cotton swabs and aldehyde production for kit development was confirmed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Lactoferrin (LF) needed to bind the virus to the cotton swab was immobilised on activated cotton swabs, followed by the capture of commercial rotavirus antigen on LF-immobilised swabs. This was dipped in coloured nanobeads covalently coupled to rotavirus-group-specific monoclonal antibody for visual rotavirus detection. Subsequently, rotavirus detection by nanoassay, commercial ELISA and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were compared using same set of 186 stool samples and subjected to statistical analyses. Optimal oxidisation condition was observed using 48 mg\/mL NaIO4 in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer at 35 \u00b0C for 9 h. Rotavirus detection was confirmed visually by blue colour retention on swabs after several washings. Sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive-value and negative-predictive-value of ELISA in rotavirus detection were 60%, 84%, 53% and 88%, respectively, while our immunoassay showed performance at 88%, 94%, 82% and 96%. This immunoassay will provide effective rotavirus public health interventions in low-and-middle-income countries with high morbidity\/mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps8040081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T11:25:17Z","timestamp":1752751517000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Nanoparticle-Based Immunoassay for Rotavirus Detection: A Suitable Alternative to ELISA and PCR in Low-Income Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8671-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret Oluwatoyin","family":"Japhet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220103, Osun State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeogo Timilehin","family":"Bankole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220103, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-1044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temiloluwa Ifeoluwa","family":"Omotade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220103, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oyelola Eyinade","family":"Adeoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Osun State University, Osogbo 210001, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oladiran","family":"Famurewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti 362103, Ekiti State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simeon K.","family":"Adesina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators (2025). 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