{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T02:42:27Z","timestamp":1774838547735,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"London Metropolitan University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is the only vitamin that is conditionally essential, as it is synthesized from precursors after UV light exposure, whilst also being obtained from the diet. It has numerous health benefits, with deficiency becoming a major concern globally, such that dietary supplementation has more recently achieved vital importance to maintain satisfactory levels. In recent years, measurements made from blood have, therefore, become critical to determine the status of vitamin D levels in individuals and the larger population. Tests for vitamin D have routinely relied on laboratory analysis with sophisticated equipment, often being slow and costly, whilst rapid immunoassays have suffered from poor specificity and sensitivity. Here, we have evaluated a new rapid immunoassay test on the market (Rapi-D &amp; IgLoo) to quickly and accurately measure vitamin D levels in small capillary blood specimens and compared this to measurements made using the standard laboratory method of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Our results show that vitamin D can be measured very quickly and over a broad range using the new method, as well as correlate relatively well with standard laboratory testing; however, it cannot be fully relied upon currently to accurately diagnose deficiency or sufficiency in individuals. Our statistical and comparative analyses find that the rapid immunoassay with digital quantification significantly overestimates vitamin D levels, leading to diminished diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. The speed and simplicity of the rapid method will likely provide advantages in various healthcare settings; however, further calibration of this rapid method and testing parameters for improving quantification of vitamin D from capillary blood specimens is required before integration of it into clinical decision-making pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps8040085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1754558752000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Analysis of a Rapid Quantitative Immunoassay to the Reference Methodology for the Measurement of Blood Vitamin D Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1278-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary R.","family":"McLean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Soyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwafunmito P.","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Digital Media, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wiktor","family":"Sowinski-Mydlarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Digital Media, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7355-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences and Professions, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Illingworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2898-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and POCT Department, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX4 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dee","family":"Bhakta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.11.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: Historical Overview","volume":"100","author":"DeLuca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vitam. 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