{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:18:08Z","timestamp":1792124288091,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013302","name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SF24\/001\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SF24\/001\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Accurate assessment of drug cytotoxicity in vitro is essential for preclinical evaluation of anticancer agents. Methodological parameters such as cell density and solvent concentrations can significantly influence the reproducibility and reliability of cell-based assay results. Objective: This study aims to optimize cell seeding density and evaluate the cytotoxic effects of common solvents (DMSO and ethanol) on different cancer cell lines, complemented by in silico analysis to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Six cancer cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, HT29, SW480, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) were seeded at different densities to determine the optimal cell seeding number ideal for cell viability assay at 24, 48, and 72 h. The cytotoxicity of DMSO and ethanol was assessed in these cell lines using an MTT assay at multiple time points. In silico docking studies were conducted to investigate the interactions between solvents and key proteins involved in apoptosis, membrane function, and metabolism. Results: A cell density of 2000 cells per well yielded consistent linear viability across cell lines and time points. DMSO at 0.3125% showed minimal cytotoxicity across all cell lines (except MCF-7) and time points; the cytotoxic effect at higher concentrations is variable depending on cell type and exposure duration. Ethanol exhibited rapid and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, reducing viability by more than 30% at as low as 0.3125% concentration after 24 h. Docking analyses revealed that DMSO binds specifically to apoptotic and membrane proteins, suggesting a role in inducing apoptosis. In contrast, ethanol primarily interacts with metabolic proteins, consistent with its effect on membrane disruption and rapid cell death. Conclusion: DMSO at 0.3125% is a good choice as a solvent since it has low toxicity in most tested cell lines; however, the safe concentration limit is dependent on cell type and exposure duration. Ethanol exhibited higher cytotoxicity, necessitating careful concentration management. The in silico analysis supports these findings, indicating that DMSO interacts with apoptosis-related proteins, whereas ethanol primarily affects metabolic processes. These results highlight the importance of precise cell density optimization and solvents for reliable cytotoxicity assessment in cell-based assays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps8040093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T14:32:36Z","timestamp":1754922756000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Optimizing Cell Density and Unveiling Cytotoxic Profiles of DMSO and Ethanol in Six Cancer Cell Lines: Experimental and In Silico Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9480-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abutaleb","family":"Asiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Eastern Region, Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Core, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munazzah","family":"Tasleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Namas, University of Bisha, Al-Namas City 67392, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0574-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muwadah","family":"Al Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Eastern Region, Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Core, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6304-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Asiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Ahmed","family":"Al Qarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Eastern Region, Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Core, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5434-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bakillah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Eastern Region, Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Core, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Yang, R., Zhang, Y., Guo, M., Takehiro, K., Zhan, M., Yang, L., and Wang, H. 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