{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:37:29Z","timestamp":1791956249424,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multimodal methods provide valuable opportunities within Participatory Action Research (PAR), to foster meaningful participation, and amplify marginalized voices. However, conventional research approaches have not always adequately captured the complex realities of the lived experiences of families, and multimodal techniques have remained underutilized for the exploration of such experiences. This study aimed to explore the use of creative multimodal methods, within a PAR framework, grounded in care among vulnerable South African families. A qualitative design was adopted, incorporating Human-centered Design principles, within a PAR approach. The participants were recruited from the Saldanha Bay Municipality area (n = 70), as well as Mitchells Plain (n = 59). The multimodal methodology included Draw-and-Tell, painting, object and photo elicitation, I-Poems, and LEGO\u00ae-based activities. Data were annotated and transcribed verbatim, followed by thematic analysis. A total of 42 participants contributed towards the validation of the methods. The participants described experiences of deep emotional insight, self-reflection, and self-recognition, through engagement with the multimodal activities. The findings revealed that these approaches were: (1) credible, producing internally valid and contextually rich data; (2) contributory, generating original and applicable insights into family life; (3) communicable, offering accessible and structured ways for diverse participants to express their experiences; and (4) conforming, ensuring ethical engagement through inclusive participation. These findings demonstrate the potential of creative, arts-based, and participatory approaches, to advance methodological innovation in qualitative family research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps9010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:52:57Z","timestamp":1768319577000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Methodologies of Care: A Multimodal, Participatory Research Approach with Vulnerable Families Among South African Communities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families, and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6196-5434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chant\u00e9","family":"Johannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families, and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenaaz","family":"Wareley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families, and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-1138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collen","family":"Ngadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families, and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avukonke","family":"Nginase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families, and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Demetriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families, and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4506-437X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolette V.","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families, and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/14707853231155238","article-title":"Methodologies for researching marginalised and\/or potentially vulnerable groups","volume":"65","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shevlin, M., and Rose, R. (2022). Respecting the voices of individuals from marginalised communities in research\u2014\u201cWho is listening and who isn\u2019t?\u201d. Educ. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-0365-4182-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069241232603","article-title":"\u201cThis is a look into my life\u201d: Enhancing qualitative inquiry into communication through arts-based research methods","volume":"23","author":"Harasym","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e284","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001183","article-title":"Family perspectives on in-home multimodal longitudinal data collection for children who function across the developmental spectrum","volume":"44","author":"Boerner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Wu, Y., Sebe, N., and Yan, Y. (2024). Vision + X: A survey on multimodal learning in the light of data. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3420239"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.107452","article-title":"Social protection programs and their support for promoting access to nutrient-dense foods for vulnerable communities in South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Berejena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"196","article-title":"Poverty among youth-headed households in South Africa: Quo vadis","volume":"28","author":"Mncayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"135","article-title":"Social issues affecting social cohesion in low-resource communities in South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Nyathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr. J. Gov. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet (2018). South Africa sliding backwards. Lancet, 391, 1456.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30839-0"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1353\/jda.2024.a924529","article-title":"Socio-economic-driven disparities in chronic illness and disability among the South African children: Exploring variations within the urban and rural areas","volume":"58","author":"Dlamini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dev. Areas"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2292862","article-title":"Factors inhibiting control over one\u2019s environment: A human capabilities perspective","volume":"10","author":"Chinyakata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"22","article-title":"Innovative applications and future directions in mixed methods and multimethod social research","volume":"24","author":"Knappertsbusch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Soc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51415\/ajims.v6i1.1474","article-title":"Poverty in South Africa: Drivers of perpetuation","volume":"6","author":"Faluyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr. J. Inter\/Multidiscip. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000878","article-title":"Parent-child emotion dynamics in families presenting for behavioral parent training: Is there a link with child behavior, parenting, and treatment outcome?","volume":"92","author":"Fischer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"229","article-title":"Seeing information: Visual methods as entry points to information practices","volume":"50","author":"Hicks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Libr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson, K.J., Jayakumar, E., and See, H. (2023). The toy brick as a communicative device for amplifying children\u2019s voices in research. M\/C J., 26.","DOI":"10.5204\/mcj.2957"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Litosseliti, L. (2010). Multimodal analysis: Key issues. Research Methods in Linguistics, Continuum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, S., Jewitt, C., and Brown, B. (2013). Multimodal methods for researching digital technologies. The SAGE Handbook of Digital Technology Research, SAGE Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446282229"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069211013659","article-title":"Engaging the senses in qualitative research via multimodal coding: Triangulating transcript, audio, and video data in a study with sexual and gender minority youth","volume":"20","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794113501687","article-title":"Action, experience, communication: Three methodological paradigms for researching multimodal and multisensory settings","volume":"14","author":"Dicks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-3802.12510","article-title":"Rethinking family (dis)engagement with augmentative & alternative communication","volume":"21","author":"Doak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Res. Spec. Educ. Needs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.47059\/ml.v20i3.2902","article-title":"Thinking with the hands: LEGO\u00ae Serious Play\u00ae a game-based tool to empower young migrants integrating","volume":"20","author":"Nienaber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Migr. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darbellay, F. (2024). Participatory research methods. Elgar Encyclopedia of Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781035317967"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2014.854001","article-title":"Researching family practices in everyday life: Methodological reflections from two studies","volume":"17","author":"Phoenix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesse-Biber, S., and Johnson, R.B. (2015). Mixed methods and multimodal research and Internet technologies. The Oxford Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research Inquiry, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199933624.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307308304","article-title":"The advantages and disadvantages of mixing methods: An analysis of combining traditional and autoethnographic approaches","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/00336882221102233","article-title":"Multimodal digital storytelling presentations among middle-school learners of English as a foreign language: Emotions, grit and perceptions","volume":"55","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"RELC J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mueller, F.F., Kyburz, P., Williamson, J.R., and Sas, C. (2024). Towards designing for multimodal remembering: Findings from an interview study. CHI EA \u201924: Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elomari, D. (2024). Qualitative methodologies to understanding research. Qualitative Approaches to Pedagogical Engineering, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-6021-7"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920907254","article-title":"Capturing lived experience: Methodological considerations for interpretive phenomenological inquiry","volume":"19","author":"Frechette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital storytelling and the narrative turn in psychology: Creating spaces for collective empowerment","volume":"12","author":"Brailas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. J. Community Psychol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e545","DOI":"10.36367\/ntqr.11.2022.e545","article-title":"Combining interviews and drawings: Methodological considerations","volume":"11","author":"Virole","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Trends Qual Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"15","article-title":"An ethic of care","volume":"22","author":"Tronto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732310377455","article-title":"Visual storytelling: A beneficial but challenging method for health research with young people","volume":"20","author":"Drew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Jia, G., Gao, X., and Ma, C. (2024, January 19\u201321). Multidimensional semantic augmented visual storytelling. Proceedings of the 2024 4th International Conference on Neural Networks, Information and Communication Engineering [NNICE], Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/NNICE61279.2024.10498935"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Wadhawan, R., Bansal, H., Chang, K.W., and Peng, N. (2024). ConTextual: Evaluating context-sensitive text-rich visual reasoning in large multimodal models. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2023.2277775","article-title":"Creative arts interventions to enhance adolescent well-being in low-income communities: An integrative literature review","volume":"34","author":"Bux","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woollett, N., Christofides, N., Franchino-Olsen, H., Silima, M., Fouche, A., and Meinck, F. (2023). \u201cThrough the drawings\u2026 they are able to tell you straight\u201d: Using arts-based methods in violence research in South Africa. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002209"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/09650792.2023.2234417","article-title":"The 7 C\u2019s framework for participatory action research: Inducting novice participant-researchers","volume":"32","author":"Feekery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Action Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzaa127","article-title":"Innovating health care: Key characteristics of human-centered design","volume":"33","author":"Melles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"606","article-title":"What is human centred design?","volume":"17","author":"Giacomin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Des. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamieson, L., Simpson, R., and Lewis, R. (2011). Framing relationships and families. Researching Families and Relationships: Reflections on Process, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230347960"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"15","article-title":"Emotions in the qualitative research process: Introduction to the Special Issue","volume":"26","author":"Siouti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Sozialforsch\/Forum Qual. Soc. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1108\/QRJ-08-2022-0105","article-title":"Using the Draw-and-Tell method with adolescents as part of an interpretive descriptive study","volume":"23","author":"Goodwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ashton, M. (2018). Communicating through objects: Facilitating qualitative research in design. DESIGNABILITIES Des. Res. J. Soc. Cult. Political Discourse Transform. Act., 1\u201311. Available online: https:\/\/designabilities.wordpress.com\/2018\/07\/31\/communicating-through-objects-facilitating-qualitative-research-in-design\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732306294127","article-title":"Draw-and-tell conversations with children about fear","volume":"16","author":"Driessnack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2754","article-title":"Enhancing meaning-making in research through sensory engagement with material objects","volume":"23","author":"Cox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/14687941241255248","article-title":"Object-oriented interviews in qualitative longitudinal research","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/qup0000054","article-title":"Reflections on the use of object elicitation","volume":"4","author":"Willig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12703","article-title":"Object elicitation: A compassionate and culturally informed method for psychotherapy research","volume":"24","author":"Charura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Couns. Psychother. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2017.1407109","article-title":"Photo-elicitation interviews with vulnerable populations: Practical and ethical considerations","volume":"39","author":"Copes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deviant Behav."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/08903344241273863","article-title":"About research-qualitative data collection: Photo elicitation","volume":"40","author":"Gill","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917748215","article-title":"Visual methodologies in qualitative research: Autophotography and photo elicitation applied to mental health research","volume":"16","author":"Glaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"17","article-title":"A day in the life of a young person with anxiety: Arts-based boundary objects used to communicate the results of health research","volume":"18","author":"Woodgate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Soc. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/10538151211009310","article-title":"\u201cWould you like to hear a story?\u201d: Collaborating with families using photo-elicitation","volume":"44","author":"Hile","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Early Interv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919851627","article-title":"The opportunities and challenges of using photo-elicitation in child-centered constructivist grounded theory research","volume":"18","author":"Poku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, J., Johannes, C., Wareley, S., Ngadhi, C.M., Nginase, A., and Roman, N.V. (2025). A conceptual model for strengthening family capabilities through a process of care. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22071150"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"5","article-title":"How to involve young children in a photovoice project: Experiences and results","volume":"22","author":"Butschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Soc. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406916677594","article-title":"The Listening Guide: A how-to approach on ways to promote educational democracy","volume":"15","author":"Woodcock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-017-0335-3","article-title":"Listening as a path to psychological discovery: An introduction to the Listening Guide","volume":"6","author":"Gilligan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13585","article-title":"Humanitarian nursing with M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res: Foregrounding the Listening Guide as a method for analysing oral history data","volume":"74","author":"Golding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, R., and Weller, S. (2015). I-Poems as a method of qualitative interview data analysis: Young people\u2019s sense of self. Sage Research Methods Datasets Part 1, SAGE Publications, Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473944510"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, T., Trinh, S.-H., and Passmore, J. (2021). LEGO\u00ae SERIOUS PLAY\u00ae (LSP) within a positive psychology framework in individual coaching: An interpretative phenomenological study. Coach. Int. J. Theory Res. Pract., 14.","DOI":"10.1080\/17521882.2021.1898427"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"27","article-title":"Lego\u00ae, Serious Play\u2122: Thinking about teaching and learning","volume":"2","author":"McCusker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Knowl. Innov. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2024.2388610","article-title":"Lego Serious Play in psychology: Exploring its use in qualitative interviews","volume":"21","author":"Rose","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"40","article-title":"\u2018Trapped under a tonne of rubble\u2019: Using LEGO\u00ae to explore conceptual metaphors of psychological stress","volume":"30","author":"Wezyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Methods Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage Publications. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2015.11.009","article-title":"Evaluating research: A multidisciplinary approach to assessing research practice and quality","volume":"45","author":"Fors","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325016667475","article-title":"Group metaphor map making: Application to integrated arts-based focus groups","volume":"17","author":"Deafenbaugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068289","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068289","article-title":"Analysing multimodal data that have been collected using photovoice as a research method","volume":"13","author":"Mooney","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Qualitative approach in analyzing children\u2019s psychological problems through the use of Kinetic Family Drawing [KFD]","volume":"11","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1940844720948063","article-title":"How do children experience the embodied communication and leadership of teachers? Expressing the voices of children through artistic, sensual, and multimodal methods in educational research","volume":"14","author":"Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2023.06.016","article-title":"Determining family relations through drawing: Family relations in images drawn by immigrant children","volume":"72","author":"Efe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"2","article-title":"Researching family secrets: Methodological approach, reflections and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Lohmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Soc. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, A., and Brown, A.D. (2022). The role of intergenerational family stories in mental health and wellbeing. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.927795"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"80","article-title":"Children\u2019s embodied voices: Approaching children\u2019s experiences through multi-modal interviewing","volume":"3","author":"Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyirenda, L., Kumar, M.B., Theobald, S., Sarker, M., Simwinga, M., Kumwenda, M., Johnson, C., Hatzold, K., Corbett, E.L., and Sibanda, E. (2020). Using research networks to generate trustworthy qualitative public health research findings from multiple contexts. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0895-5"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsqmip.2021.1.31.5","article-title":"Using multimodal methods to explore groups with multifaceted roles: The case of prison officers","volume":"1","author":"DeValiant","year":"2021","journal-title":"QMiP Bull."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2019.1608195","article-title":"Drawing as a means of self-expression: A case study","volume":"191","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Child Dev. Care"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13701","article-title":"Engaging participants with research findings: A rights-informed approach","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Expect."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, D., and Irani, L. (2019, January 4\u20139). Ways of knowing when research subjects care. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, UK. Paper 97.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300327"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-R\u00faa, J.-M., Vielzeuf, V., Pateux, S., Baccouche, M., and Jurie, F. (2019, January 15\u201320). MFAS: Multimodal fusion architecture search. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00713"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.62695\/AHHO3850","article-title":"Exploring the affordances and propensities of multimodality in narrative pedagogies through multimodal ethnography","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malta J. Educ."}],"container-title":["Methods and Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/9\/1\/11\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:22:11Z","timestamp":1768540931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/9\/1\/11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["mps9010011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mps9010011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2409-9279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2409-9279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]}}}