{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:16:18Z","timestamp":1768443378960,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Bank-funded SATBHSS project","award":["P155658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P155658"]}]},{"name":"World Bank-funded SATBHSS project","award":["P173228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P173228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Workers\u2019 exposure to silica dust is a global occupational and public health concern and is particularly prevalent in Southern Africa, mainly because of inadequate dust control measures. It is worsened by the high prevalence of HIV\/AIDS, which exacerbates tuberculosis and other occupational lung diseases. The prevalence of silicosis in the region ranges from 9 to 51%; however, silica dust exposure levels and controls, especially in the informal mining sector, particularly in artisanal small-scale mines (ASMs), leave much to be desired. This is important because silicosis is incurable and can only be eliminated by preventing worker exposure. Additionally, several studies have indicated inadequate occupational health and safety policies, weak inspection systems, inadequate monitoring and control technologies, and inadequate occupational health and hygiene skills. Furthermore, there is a near-absence of silica dust analysis laboratories in southern Africa, except in South Africa. This protocol aims to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica dust exposure evaluation and control methodology for the mining industry. The study will entail testing the effectiveness of current dust control measures for controlling microscale particles using various exposure dose metrics, such as mass, number, and lung surface area concentrations. This will be achieved using a portable Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) (Nanozen Industries Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada), the Nanozen DustCount, which measures both the mass and particle size distribution. The surface area concentration will be analysed by inputting the particle size distribution (PSD) results into the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD) to estimate the retained and cleared doses. The MPPD will help us understand the sub-micron dust deposition and the reduction rate using the controls. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed approach has never been used elsewhere or in our settings. The proposed approach will reduce dependence on highly skilled individuals, reduce the turnaround sampling and analysis time, and provide a reference for regional harmonised occupational exposure limit (OEL) guidelines as a guiding document on how to meet occupational health, safety and environment (OHSE) requirements in ASM settings. Therefore, the outcome of this study will influence policy reforms and protect hundreds of thousands of employees currently working without any form of exposure prevention or protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps9010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:03:10Z","timestamp":1768381390000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Study Protocol for Developing a Pragmatic Aetiology-Based Silicosis Prevention and Elimination Approach in Southern Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Norman Nkuzi","family":"Khoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Human Capital and Institutional Development, African Union Development Agency-NEPAD, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-4265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thokozani Patrick","family":"Mbonane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoka C.","family":"Rathebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5712-5291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masilu Daniel","family":"Masekameni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19520","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.19520","article-title":"Occupational respiratory diseases in the South African mining industry","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. 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