{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:41Z","timestamp":1787029121479,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10003400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10003400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Burgerstein"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gastrointestinal discomfort affects up to 70% of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), largely due to gut dysbiosis caused by altered transit time and reduced gastrointestinal motility from autonomic disruption. Emerging evidence links prebiotics and probiotics to improved microbiome balance and reduced inflammation, yet data in SCI remain limited. Methods: Individuals aged \u2265 18 years, with a chronic SCI (\u22651 year) experiencing significant gastrointestinal symptoms, will be invited to participate in this single-center randomized controlled crossover trial. Persons currently taking antibiotics, who have relevant eating or digestive disorders, or who have undergone a recent diet change will be excluded from the study. Participants will be randomized (1:1) into two groups. The first group will take a probiotic (Biotics-G, Burgerstein AG, Rapperswil-Jona, Switzerland) supplement for eight weeks, then after a four-week washout period, they will take a prebiotic (Oat Bran, Naturaplan, manufactured by Swissmill, Zurich, Switzerland) supplement for another eight weeks. The second group will receive the supplements in reverse order. The primary outcome is the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index, a questionnaire to assess quality of life related to gastrointestinal disorders. Secondary outcomes consist of gastrointestinal transit time, inflammatory blood markers, and gut microbiome composition. Ethics: The study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Northwest\/Central Switzerland (EKNZ, ID: 2025-00238, 24.02.2025, Version 2.0). The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT06870331, 02.04.2025). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants involved in the study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps9010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probiotic and Prebiotic Supplementation for Gastrointestinal Discomfort in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury (PRO-GIDSCI): A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5707-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Trunz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, 6005 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7142-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyra","family":"Schmandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4337-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anneke","family":"Hertig-Godeschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Glisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6842-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jivko","family":"Stoyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3953-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Perret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, 6005 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0061-5","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms in spinal cord injury: Relationships with level of injury and psychologic factors","volume":"48","author":"Ng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100616","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal problems and bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Han","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"75","article-title":"Gastrointestinal involvement in spinal cord injury: A clinical perspective","volume":"21","author":"Ebert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102172","article-title":"Who wants to walk? Preferences for recovery after SCI: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study","volume":"46","author":"Ditunno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.142","article-title":"Care needs of persons with long-term spinal cord injury living at home in the Netherlands","volume":"48","author":"Post","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-024-01002-8","article-title":"Bowel burdens: A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationships between bowel dysfunction and quality of life after spinal cord injury","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.09.003","article-title":"Neuroimmune crosstalk in central nervous system injury-induced infection and pharmacological intervention","volume":"153","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151345","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"213","author":"Kigerl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101887","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score","volume":"44","author":"Krogh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113009","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"320","author":"Holmes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01508.x","article-title":"Gastric and small intestinal dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"125","author":"Fynne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1735-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in male patients with chronic traumatic complete spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.380881","article-title":"Dual-directional regulation of spinal cord injury and the gut microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jogia, T., and Ruitenberg, M.J. (2020). Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and the Gut Microbiota: Current Insights and Future Challenges. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00704"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12765","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases","volume":"152","author":"Leite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2250274","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250274","article-title":"System failure: Systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury","volume":"54","author":"DiSabato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab245","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Effects of Oat Intake on Gastrointestinal Health","volume":"151","author":"Valido","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113085","article-title":"The spinal cord-gut-immune axis as a master regulator of health and neurological function after spinal cord injury","volume":"323","author":"Kigerl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2404-379","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"24","author":"Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.04.007","article-title":"Calorie and macronutrients intake in people with spinal cord injuries: An analysis by sex and injury-related variables","volume":"28","author":"Sabour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.46292\/sci20-00031","article-title":"Dietetics After Spinal Cord Injury: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Farkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, G.M., and Gater, D.R. (2022). Neurogenic Bowel and Management after Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071141"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0329-0","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics","volume":"16","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127982","article-title":"A systematic review of phytochemicals in oat and buckwheat","volume":"338","author":"Raguindin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105640","article-title":"Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"128","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3429","article-title":"Probiotic-Reduced Inflammaging in Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"17","author":"Molin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i1.107","article-title":"Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 powder consumption on the gut microbiota and intestinal health of overweight adults","volume":"27","author":"Rahayu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauch, C.E., Mika, A.S., McCubbin, A.J., Huschtscha, Z., and Costa, R.J.S. (2022). Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on gastrointestinal outcomes in healthy adults and active adults at rest and in response to exercise\u2014A systematic literature review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1003620"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naghibi, M., Pont-Beltran, A., Lamelas, A., Llobregat, L., Martinez-Blanch, J.F., Rojas, A., \u00c1lvarez, B., L\u00f3pez Plaza, B., Arcos Castellanos, L., and Chenoll, E. (2024). Effect of Postbiotic Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 on Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Serum Biochemistry, and Intestinal Microbiota in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Parallel, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223952"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122668","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2122668","article-title":"The probiotic Bacillus subtilis BS50 decreases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Garvey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e58306","article-title":"Effectiveness of Probiotic Use in Alleviating Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Umeano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48554-x","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial: The effect of probiotic Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 vs. placebo on the symptoms management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults","volume":"9","author":"Madempudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Sun, F., and Duan, L. (2022). Efficacy of Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.859967"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-023-01339-6","article-title":"The feasibility of a randomized controlled crossover trial to assess the effect of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on the health of elite wheelchair athletes","volume":"9","author":"Glisic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63163-z","article-title":"Gut microbiome and inflammation among athletes in wheelchair in a crossover randomized pilot trial of probiotic and prebiotic interventions","volume":"14","author":"Valido","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306541","article-title":"Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.12.077","article-title":"The Effects of Physical Activity on Serum C-Reactive Protein and Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Review","volume":"45","author":"Kasapis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.07.003","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behavior and microbiome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.10.001","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"10","author":"Moher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6653550","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6653550","article-title":"The Relieving Effects of a Polyherb-Based Dietary Supplement ColonVita on Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) in Older Adults with Chronic Gastrointestinal Symptoms Are Influenced by Age and Cardiovascular Disease: A 12-Week Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"2021","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-024-07225-1","article-title":"Impact of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Function and Metabolic Status After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial","volume":"34","author":"Melali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2024.04.004","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation on 12 min run performance, mood management, body composition and gut microbiota in amateur marathon runners: A double-blind controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz064","article-title":"Effects of oats on gastrointestinal health as assessed by in vitro, animal, and human studies","volume":"78","author":"Korczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041350","article-title":"Introducing inulin-type fructans","volume":"93","author":"Roberfroid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"264","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index. A clinical index for measuring patient status in gastroenterologic surgery","volume":"64","author":"Eypasch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chirurg"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820229","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index: Development, validation and application of a new instrument","volume":"82","author":"Eypasch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323877","article-title":"Blue poo: Impact of gut transit time on the gut microbiome using a novel marker","volume":"70","author":"Asnicar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2025.103741","article-title":"Optimizing blue poo: A validated, cost-effective method for measuring whole gut transit time","volume":"16","author":"Schmandt","year":"2026","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150260139129","article-title":"Elevated serum titers of proinflammatory cytokines and CNS autoantibodies in patients with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Hayes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.11.005","article-title":"Reliability and Validity Tests of the Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People With Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"93","author":"Phang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2702-23","article-title":"International Standards to document Autonomic Function following SCI (ISAFSCI): Second Edition","volume":"27","author":"Wecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2881-9","article-title":"Host variables confound gut microbiota studies of human disease","volume":"587","author":"Sklar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100419","article-title":"Best Practices and Considerations for Conducting Research on Diet-Gut Microbiome Interactions and Their Impact on Health in Adult Populations: An Umbrella Review","volume":"16","author":"Diacova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02232-1","article-title":"Considerations for the design and conduct of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods","volume":"59","author":"Swann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, A.J., Zheng, J.J., Kang, J.W., Saboe, A., Knights, D., and Zivkovic, A.M. (2020). A Guide to Diet-Microbiome Study Design. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00079"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senn, S.S. (2002). Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470854596"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connolly, M.L., Tzounis, X., Tuohy, K.M., and Lovegrove, J.A. (2016). Hypocholesterolemic and Prebiotic Effects of a Whole-Grain Oat-Based Granola Breakfast Cereal in a Cardio-Metabolic \u201cAt Risk\u201d Population. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01675"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab119","article-title":"The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-Type Fructans: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92027-z","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota in the acute phase after spinal cord injury correlate with severity of the lesion","volume":"11","author":"Bazzocchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Methods and Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/9\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:56:02Z","timestamp":1768812962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/9\/1\/14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["mps9010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mps9010014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2409-9279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2409-9279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]}}}