{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:01:40Z","timestamp":1784955700148,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["75N91019D00024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N91019D00024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Methods Protoc.","MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development and validation of a sensitive, rapid, and specific gas chromatography method for the evaluation of 19 common Class 2 and Class 3 solvents frequently used in nanomedicine formulation is described. Method validation was performed using PerkinElmer\u2019s headspace gas chromatograph system with flame ionization detection and an Elite 624 Crossbond 6% cyanopropylphenyl-94% dimethylpolysiloxane or DB-Fatwax-Ultra Inert column with helium as the carrier gas. Validation characteristics such as linearity, spike recovery, method precision, specificity, sensitivity, limit of detection\/quantitation, and analyte stability were evaluated. The validated methods showed excellent linearity, with a correlation coefficient &gt; 0.99, and good precision, with intra-day precision &lt; 7.4% for all tested analytes. The percent recoveries ranged 83\u2013104% within the method\u2019s quantitation range. In comparison to previously reported methods, the current method has a much shorter equilibration time, higher sensitivity, better separation for many solvents, and a wide concentration detection range. The current method is also perfectly suitable to analyze short chain fatty acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid without requiring additional extraction or derivatization steps. Notably, the method was found to be suitable for analysis of formic acid\u2014a common solvent in certain nanoformulations and one in which there is no prior gas chromatography method available which does not require this additional sample manipulation\u2014down to approximately 75 ppm. Herein, the method is demonstrated using various nanoformulations, including the commercial Doxil formulation as well as several research nanoformulations, including polymeric, cross-linked polymeric, and dendrimer platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps9040110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:11:26Z","timestamp":1784797886000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gas Chromatography Method for Quantitation of Residual Solvent Impurities in Nanoformulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9142-3074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna","family":"Kattel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael M.","family":"Crist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1860-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Clogston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, M.S., Miller, W.K., Pluntze, A.M., Stewart, A.M., Cape, J.L., Grass, M.E., and Morgen, M.M. 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