{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:11:08Z","timestamp":1785409868150,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["IRN BR25293294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRN BR25293294"]}]},{"award":["IRN BR25293294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRN BR25293294"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022syee28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Methods Protoc.","MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recombinant superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein is a promising antigen candidate for brucellosis vaccines, and its quantitative determination is essential for vaccine quality control, standardization, and regulatory compliance. Although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used for antigen quantification, its application to vaccine formulations may be limited due to chemical modifications of antigenic determinants occurring during detoxification and adjuvantation processes. Therefore, alternative analytical methods, such as single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), which enable direct antigen quantification independent of antigenic determinant modifications, represent valuable tools for vaccine analysis. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay for the quantitative determination of recombinant SOD protein and to obtain hyperimmune sera in sheep. Sheep were immunized with recombinant SOD protein formulated with aluminum hydroxide or AddaS03 adjuvants. Antibody responses were evaluated using agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunization with aluminum hydroxide induced higher antibody titers than AddaS03. By day 42, ELISA titers reached 1:25,600 in the aluminum hydroxide group compared with 1:3200 in the AddaS03 group. The obtained hyperimmune sera were used for SRID assay development. The optimized SRID assay demonstrated high reproducibility and specificity, with no cross-reactivity against unrelated proteins. A linear relationship was observed between the square of the precipitation ring diameter (D2) and antigen concentration (R2 = 0.956\u20130.989). The assay showed a limit of detection of 0.312 \u03bcg\/mL, a linear range of 0.625\u201310 \u03bcg\/mL, high precision (CV &lt; 2%), and robustness under varying analytical conditions. The developed SRID assay represents a specific, reproducible, and robust tool for quantitative control of recombinant SOD protein in vaccine formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps9040113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:37:00Z","timestamp":1785249420000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) Assay for Quantitative Determination of Recombinant SOD Protein in a Brucellosis Vaccine Candidate: Method Development and Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gulnur","family":"Nakhanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7954-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Chervyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamshat","family":"Shorayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigerim","family":"Zhakypbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Moldagulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aknur","family":"Ulankyzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisher","family":"Omurtay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeraly","family":"Shayakhmetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temirlan","family":"Baiseit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zharkinay","family":"Absatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha","family":"Issabek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6976-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaukhar","family":"Shynybekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandugash","family":"Sadikaliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-0271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziz","family":"Nakhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuanysh","family":"Jekebekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, National Holding QazBioPharm, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2902-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainar","family":"Kossylganova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlygash","family":"Zhaparkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assem","family":"Kalykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6088-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolkyn","family":"Bekezhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albina","family":"Atakanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, 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