{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:13:20Z","timestamp":1790198000127,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MTI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of virtual reality (VR) for flight simulation, particularly in the earliest stages of pilot training, is gaining attention in both research and industry. The use of the technology for this ab initio training requires suitable consideration of the risks of simulator sickness\u2014risks that are heightened relative to conventional simulators. If simulator sickness results in the development of compensatory skills, or otherwise disrupts the training process, the benefits of the technology may be negated. Enabling the effective integration of VR within flight training requires that, to the extent that simulator sickness is an issue, practical mechanisms are developed to manage the occurrence without disrupting existing training structures. The primary objective of this research is, thus, to evaluate an intervention and a nuisance factor in relation to the reduction of simulator sickness, considering their practicality within existing flight training syllabi. The Total Severity (TS) of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) was evaluated within a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent pre-test\u2013post-test design, incorporating three groups: a prior flight experience nuisance factor group, a prior personal computer aviation training device (PCATD) exposure intervention group, and a control group with neither prior experience nor prior simulator exposure. The results indicated that the TS was significantly reduced for the prior flight experience nuisance factor (rrb = 0.375), but that the PCATD exposure intervention produced no such reduction (rrb = 0.016). The findings suggest that VR flight simulation is likely best used as a supplemental tool, introduced after initial airborne experience. Notwithstanding this finding, the relatively low median TS scores (&lt;20) for all groups suggest that the technology may still be used with caution earlier in the training process. No other published research has examined this important effect in the context of the new VR situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mti9030024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of Flight Experience or Simulator Exposure on Simulator Sickness in Virtual Reality Flight Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6492-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Somerville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering & Technology, UNSW Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Campbell 2612, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6081-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Joiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering & Technology, UNSW Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Campbell 2612, Australia"},{"name":"Capability Systems Centre, UNSW Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Campbell 2612, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, UNSW Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Campbell 2612, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.344","article-title":"A literature survey for virtual environments\u2014Military flight simulator visual systems and simulator sickness","volume":"1","author":"Pausch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"Motion sickness in a helicopter simulator","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1960","journal-title":"Aerosp. 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