{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:27:18Z","timestamp":1788564438530,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Despite significant attention being paid to compression garments (CG) in the sports field, there remains ongoing debate regarding their actual effectiveness in enhancing athletic performance and expediting post-exercise recovery. This article examines their various aspects, with a focus on CG design and the materials they are made of, aiming to analyze the importance of personalized compression strategies based on individual anthropometric measurements and non-linear compression designs. Methods: Using anthropometric analysis of 40 healthy participants, this study examines the morphological characteristics of the lower limb and their implications for CG design. Results: Measurements of limb length and circumferences revealed complex interactions among anatomical variables, emphasizing the need for customized and adaptable device design. Finite element simulations clarified the challenges in achieving uniform pressure gradients along the lower limb, highlighting the limitations of one-piece devices and suggesting tailored segmented designs for individual limb segments. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that one-piece devices often fail to provide optimal compression due to non-linear variations in limb dimensions. Conversely, segmented devices, particularly those with bilinear progression, exhibited superior performance in applying targeted compression across different limb segments. This more detailed approach to customization could significantly contribute to optimizing outcomes and user comfort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles4040042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T10:35:36Z","timestamp":1760006136000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Guidelines for Sport Compressive Garments Design: Finite Element Simulations Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cudicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Cogliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Continuum Mechanics, Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, TU-Dortmund, August-Schmidt-Str. 8, 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2165\/11591420-000000000-00000","article-title":"Compression Garments and Exercise: Garment Considerations, Physiology and Performance","volume":"41","author":"MacRae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0728-9","article-title":"Compression Garments and Recovery from Exercise: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3390\/textiles2030022","article-title":"Tight Margins: Compression Garment Use during Exercise and Recovery\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"2","author":"Leabeater","year":"2022","journal-title":"Textiles"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihajlovic, M., Cabarkapa, D., Cabarkapa, D.V., Philipp, N.M., and Fry, A.C. (2023). Recovery Methods in Basketball: A Systematic Review. Sports, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11110230"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Kim, R.K., Chae, W.S., and Kang, N. (2023). Compression Sportswear Improves Speed, Endurance, and Functional Motor Performances: A Meta-Analysis. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413198"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2018.1527335","article-title":"Can Compression Stockings Reduce the Degree of Soccer Match-Induced Fatigue in Females?","volume":"27","author":"Pavin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01774-0","article-title":"Do Sports Compression Garments Alter Measures of Peripheral Blood Flow? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Bishop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/15438629809512525","article-title":"Influence of a Compression Garment on Repetitive Power Output Production before and after Different Types of Muscle Fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Kraemer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sports Med. Train. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2001.31.6.282","article-title":"Influence of Compression Therapy on Symptoms Following Soft Tissue Injury from Maximal Eccentric Exercise","volume":"31","author":"Kraemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2066","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00288.2001","article-title":"Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production during in Vitro Simulation of External Limb Compression","volume":"282","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.07.022","article-title":"Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Regulates Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthases in Skeletal Muscles","volume":"39","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198708000-00023","article-title":"Hemodynamic Effects of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression of the Legs","volume":"67","author":"Unger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/026835559300800206","article-title":"Assessment of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression by Strain-Gauge Plethysmography","volume":"8","author":"Scurr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phlebol. J. Venous Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-015-0170-x","article-title":"The Variation in Pressures Exerted by Commercially Available Compression Garments","volume":"18","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092456","article-title":"Compression Garments and Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2012.12.004","article-title":"Measurement of Lower Limb Volume: Agreement between the Vertically Oriented Perometer and a Tape Measure Method","volume":"99","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-020-9542-3","article-title":"Finite Element Modeling of the Compression Garments Structural Effect on the Pressure Applied to Leg","volume":"21","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.04.156","article-title":"Applying Finite Element Analysis to Compression Garment Development","volume":"2","author":"Tarrier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-021-00350-5","article-title":"Customised Pressure Profiles of Made-to-Measure Sports Compression Garments","volume":"24","author":"Ashby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, G., and Chanda, A. (2021). Mechanical Properties of Whole-Body Soft Human Tissues: A Review. Biomed. Mater., 16.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ac2b7a"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593S","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083720988089","article-title":"Experimental Evaluation of the Compression Garment Produced from Elastic Spacer Fabrics through Real Human Limb","volume":"51","author":"Mousavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, D.K.Y., Ruan, S., Gao, P., and Yu, T. (2012). High-Performance Ballistic Protection Using Polymer Nanocomposites. Advances in Military Textiles and Personal Equipment, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095572.2.213"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"319","article-title":"Poisson\u2019s Ratio of Nylon Wire","volume":"11","author":"Eaton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4","article-title":"Stress-Strain Diagram, Young\u2019s Modulus and Poisson\u2019s Ratio of Textile Fibers","volume":"7","author":"Higuchi","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Text. Mach. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"de Groer, E. (2024). Poisson\u2019s Ratio and Young\u2019s Modulus of Weft-Knitted Fabrics. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wu, Z., Xiong, Y., Li, Q., and Tao, X. (2023). Fast NURBS-Based Parametric Modeling of Human Calves with High-Accuracy for Personalized Design of Graduated Compression Stockings. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.107292"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, J.C., Olaso, J., Gil, M., Puigcerver, S., Dura, J.V., and Lopez, I. (2012, January 18\u201320). FASHION-ABLE: Needs and Requirements for Clothing, Footwear and Orthotics of Consumers Groups with Highly Individualised Needs. Proceedings of the 2012 18th International ICE Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICE.2012.6297700"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., and Xu, B. (2019, January 3\u20136). 3D Digital Modeling and Design of Custom-Fit Functional Compression Garment. Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence on Fashion and Textiles (AIFT) Conference 2018, Hong Kong.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99695-0_20"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2009-z","article-title":"Framework for Personalized and Adaptive Game-Based Training Programs in Health Sport","volume":"74","author":"Hardy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01495-w","article-title":"Personalized, Evidence-Informed Training Plans and Exercise Prescriptions for Performance, Fitness and Health","volume":"51","author":"Wackerhage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cudicio, A., and Agosti, V. (2024). Beyond Belief: Exploring the Alignment of Self-Efficacy, Self-Prediction, Self-Perception, and Actual Performance Measurement in a Squat Jump Performance-A Pilot Study. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9010016"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.70252\/CJJK8125","article-title":"Donning a Novel Lower-Limb Restrictive Compression Garment During Training Augments Muscle Power and Strength","volume":"13","author":"Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01604-9","article-title":"Putting the Squeeze on Compression Garments: Current Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research: A Systematic Scoping Review","volume":"52","author":"Weakley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2114\/ahs1983.13.121","article-title":"Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on Cardiovascular Responses","volume":"13","author":"Watanuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802104912","article-title":"The Effect of Recovery Strategies on Physical Performance and Cumulative Fatigue in Competitive Basketball","volume":"26","author":"Montgomery","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b42589","article-title":"The Effects of Compression Garments on Recovery","volume":"23","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2576-5","article-title":"Effects of Compression Garments on Recovery Following Intermittent Exercise","volume":"113","author":"Pruscino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1464-0","article-title":"Lower Limb Compression Garment Improves Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Young, Active Females","volume":"109","author":"Jakeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110634","article-title":"New Analytical Model and 3D Finite Element Simulation for Improved Pressure Prediction of Elastic Compression Stockings","volume":"217","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517518779246","article-title":"Determination of Leg Cross-Sectional Curvatures and Application in Pressure Prediction for Lower Body Compression Garments","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrey, S. (2008). Compression Garments: Evidence for Their Physiological Effects (P208). The Engineering of Sport 7, Springer Paris.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-287-09413-2_40"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabir, T. (2018). Fibers Used for High-Performance Apparel. High-Performance Apparel, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100904-8.00002-X"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0011.7303","article-title":"Methods of Evaluating Knitted Fabrics with Elastomeric Threads in the Design Process of Compression Products","volume":"26","author":"Kowalski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsasser, V. (2010). Textiles: Concepts and Principles, Fairchild Publications, Inc.. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.5040\/9781501304248"}],"container-title":["Muscles"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2813-0413\/4\/4\/42\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:50:56Z","timestamp":1760035856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2813-0413\/4\/4\/42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["muscles4040042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/muscles4040042","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-0413"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-0413","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}}}