{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T22:31:57Z","timestamp":1789252317459,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Musculoskeletal pain syndromes (MPSs) represent a major cause of disability and reduced quality of life, and conventional therapeutic approaches often provide only partial or temporary relief. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) delivered as 100% oxygen at 1.3\u20132.5 ATA, has been proposed to modulate inflammatory processes and enhance tissue repair. This review evaluated the effectiveness of HBOT on pain, function, quality of life, and physiological outcomes in individuals with MPS. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in different databases between June 30 and 30 September 2025, following PRISMA guidelines and was previously registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251073730). Studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese evaluating HBOT as a standalone or adjunctive intervention were included. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using PEDro, NIH, and RoB 2.0 tools, and certainty of evidence was graded with GRADE. Results: Eighteen studies (17 RCTs and 1 case series; n = 671) were included. HBOT protocols ranged from 3 to 60 sessions, lasting 60\u201390 min, at approximately 1.3\u20132.5 ATA. Consistent reductions in pain and modest functional improvements were observed in fibromyalgia and postoperative conditions such as knee arthroplasty and peripheral nerve repair, with associated improvements in quality of life and inflammatory markers. Results for delayed-onset muscle soreness and acute ligament injuries were inconsistent. Conclusions: HBOT may provide adjunctive benefits in musculoskeletal pain syndromes, yet the current evidence remains limited. Standardized treatment protocols and high-quality trials are needed to better define its clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles4040063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:36:53Z","timestamp":1765895813000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n Eustaquio","family":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, 28670 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ibole\u00f3n Laynez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Club Baloncesto 1939 Canarias SAD, 38205 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Acevedo Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Club Deportivo Tenerife Femenino SAD, 38002 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Maggioni Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Powerguanche Strength Lab, 38004 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"P\u00e9rez Betancort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Club Deportivo Tenerife Femenino SAD, 38002 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3849-3210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3n","family":"D\u00edaz Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Cabezos Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Garc\u00eda Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidro Miguel","family":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2025.100707","article-title":"Addressing the Growing Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the Ageing U.S. Population: Challenges and Innovations","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.123485","article-title":"Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Health: A Review of the Literature and Clinical Application","volume":"19","author":"Kiesel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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