{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:29:03Z","timestamp":1789586943940,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Riga Stradins University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the introduction of advanced footwear technology (AFT) in 2017, numerous world records from 5 km to the marathon have been broken. Among these innovations, carbon-plated shoes have received particular attention. Previous research indicates improvements of 2\u20134% in running economy (RE), which translates into an approximate 1\u20132% improvement in running performance when running in these shoes. The rapid progression of performance has generated significant scientific interest; however, a clear understanding of the mechanisms driving the effectiveness of AFT remains limited. Despite widespread adoption and remarkable results, the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of AFT are still not fully understood, which is why optimising its potential benefits continues to be an ongoing challenge. This review summarises current knowledge on AFT and critically evaluates the biomechanical and physiological mechanisms underlying their effects on RE and performance. It also highlights the interaction between shoe design features and individual biomechanics, supporting evidence-based approaches to footwear selection and training strategies tailored to athletes\u2019 needs. A clearer understanding of these mechanisms may provide valuable insights for researchers, coaches, and athletes and help maximise the potential benefits of AFT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles5010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mechanisms, Economy, and Performance of Advanced Footwear Technology in Endurance Running\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0468-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daido Dagne","family":"Bruvere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga Stradins Univeristy, LV-1007 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8791-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgars","family":"Bernans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Heathcare Research Center, Riga Stradins Univeristy, LV-1007 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2022.2127526","article-title":"Let\u2019s just call it advanced footwear technology (AFT)","volume":"14","author":"Frederick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2089589","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of running shoes on running economy, performance and biomechanics: Analysis by brand and model","volume":"22","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0283-6","article-title":"The effect of footwear on running performance and running economy in distance runners","volume":"45","author":"Fuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.04.013","article-title":"Six-week transition to minimalist shoes improves running economy and time-trial performance","volume":"20","author":"Fuller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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