{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T05:47:54Z","timestamp":1769665674537,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study: (1) Determined the time course of early-phase adaptations in average peak torque (APT), the rate of velocity development (RVD), and average power (AP) following very short-term unilateral, reciprocal, concentric isokinetic forearm extension and flexion training in untrained women; and (2) determine whether training the non-dominant arm induced cross-education adaptations in the dominant, non-trained arm. Twelve untrained women (age: 21.7 \u00b1 1.2 yrs) completed four testing and four training visits (pre-test and following 2, 3, and 4 days of training). The testing consisted of three maximal repetitions of the dominant and non-dominant arms at 60\u00b0, 180\u00b0, and 300\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121, with APT and AP calculated as the average of the 3 repetitions and RVD as the fastest repetition. The training consisted of 6 sets of 10 maximal repetitions at 180\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121 with the non-dominant arm. The differences in mean values across testing visits for APT, AP, and RVD were determined by separate 2 (Arm) \u00d7 2 (Muscle Action) \u00d7 3 (Velocity) \u00d7 4 (Time [across all testing visits]) repeated measures ANOVA (\u03b1 \u2264 0.05) with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparisons. For the trained arm, there were increases in APT (p &lt; 0.001) following four training visits and AP following three (p = 0.006) and four (p = 0.004) training visits. Furthermore, following four training visits, RVD (collapsed across Arms and Muscle Action) decreased at 180\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121 (p = 0.002) and 300\u00b0\u00b7s\u22121 (p = 0.005) following four training visits. There were no changes in APT or AP (p = 0.155\u20131.000) in the non-trained arm, which indicated no cross-education adaptations. These findings suggested that 3\u20134 days of moderate-velocity, unilateral, reciprocal, isokinetic training elicited early-phase adaptations for APT, RVD, and AP in untrained women, while cross-education adaptations for APT and AP were not observed within this timeframe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles5010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:40:22Z","timestamp":1769622022000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early-Phase and Cross-Education Adaptations Following Very Short-Term Unilateral Isokinetic Forearm Extension and Flexion Training in Untrained Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Pioske","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn E.","family":"Arnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Doane University, Crete, NE 68333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores G.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor D.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6464-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler J.","family":"Neltner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Wisconsin-Plattevile, Plattevile, WI 53818, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry J.","family":"Housh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213fefb","article-title":"Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise","volume":"43","author":"Garber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. 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