{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T13:58:28Z","timestamp":1776779908016,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23K10818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K10818"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated changes in upper trapezius muscle stiffness and choroidal blood flow velocity before and after ultrasonic therapy of the trapezius muscle. Participants included 27 healthy young adults in their 20 s (median age [Q1\u2013Q3]: 21.0 [19.3\u201321.0]) without subjective shoulder pain. All participants received a single-session ultrasound intervention, and no control group was included. Intraocular pressure (IOP), systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, mean BP, heart rate (HR), ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), and salivary \u03b1-amylase (sAA) activity, a marker of autonomic nerve function, were assessed at baseline and after therapy. Stiffness of the upper trapezius muscle was evaluated using shear wave elastography, and choroidal hemodynamics were assessed by measuring the mean blur ratio (MBR), a relative index of macular blood flow velocity, using laser speckle flowgraphy. IOP, systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean BP, HR, OPP, sAA activity, and MBR reduced significantly after therapy. The shear elastic modulus of the trapezius muscle also decreased significantly. However, no significant correlations were observed among the parameters. Among healthy adults in their 20 s without shoulder pain, trapezius muscle ultrasound therapy may enhance parasympathetic activity, contributing to decreases in systemic and choroidal circulatory parameters. These findings indicate that ultrasound therapy for shoulder stiffness may influence local musculoskeletal characteristics, systemic and ocular circulation, and autonomic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles5020028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:42:45Z","timestamp":1776771765000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of Effects of Ultrasound Therapy on Trapezius Muscle Stiffness and Choroidal Blood Flow Velocity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Takanori","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Momochihama 3-6-40, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoutarou","family":"Mutou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Momochihama 3-6-40, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kokoro","family":"Oki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Momochihama 3-6-40, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthoptics and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Akasaka 4-1-26, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8402, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Momochihama 3-6-40, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nao","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Momochihama 3-6-40, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Momochihama 3-6-40, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthoptics and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Akasaka 4-1-26, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8402, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"352735","article-title":"Association between neck\/shoulder pain and trapezius muscle tenderness in office workers","volume":"2014","author":"Brandt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Res. 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