{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:48:35Z","timestamp":1782452915167,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Muscles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hip joint position sense (JPS), a key component of neuromuscular function arising from muscle spindle and periarticular mechanoreceptor input, remains underexplored, with no standardized and reliable clinical protocol available to assess hip proprioception. This study evaluated the intra- and inter-rater reliability of a laser- and inclinometer-based active hip JPS protocol and established preliminary references in healthy adults. A two-phase reliability study was conducted in accordance with GRRAS and COSMIN guidelines: 17 participants for reliability analyses and 57 for preliminary references. Six movement directions were assessed (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotations). Reliability was quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients with their 95% confidence intervals, using two-way random-effects models with absolute agreement (ICC(3,1) for intra-rater and ICC(2,1) for inter-rater analyses), interpreted as poor (&lt;0.50), moderate (0.50\u20130.70), or good (\u22650.70). Absolute measurement error was reported as standard error of measurement (SEM%) and 95% minimal detectable change (MDC95%), normalized to target amplitudes to allow direct cross-direction comparison. Intra-rater reliability ranged from poor to moderate, with experienced raters reaching ICC = 0.64 (95% CI [0.39; 0.80]) for medial rotation. Inter-rater reliability improved across sessions, peaking for medial rotation (ICC = 0.78; 95% CI [0.50; 0.91]). Rotational movements yielded the lowest SEM% (3\u20136%), indicating high measurement precision despite trial-to-trial variability (MDC% 9\u201331%). Normative errors were largest in flexion (21.4 cm) and smallest in rotations (\u22482.2\u20132.3\u00b0). Despite overall low-to-moderate reliability, the protocol achieved clinically acceptable measurement precision (SEM% &lt; 10%) for rotational tasks, whereas the laser-based sagittal and frontal-plane components remained exploratory. The protocol provides preliminary reference values for hip JPS in healthy adults and requires further validation before clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles5020045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1781874244000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intra-Rater, Inter-Rater, and Test\u2013Retest Reliability of a Laser- and Inclinometer-Based Hip Joint Position Sense Test in Healthy Adults: A Two-Phase Study with Preliminary Reference Values"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7619-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e9vin","family":"Burnel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"Conseil Scientifique de TOHA, Thread of Life Prime, 37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Vallee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Formation en Masso-Kin\u00e9sith\u00e9rapie de L\u2019Est-Francilien (IFMKEF), 77124 Chauconin-Neufmontiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Pairot de Fontenay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramsay Sant\u00e9, Clinique de la Sauvegarde, 69009 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Lyon Ortho Clinic Global, 69009 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, 69010 Villeurbanne, France"},{"name":"The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, QC G3B 0W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Van Cant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, QC G3B 0W8, Canada"},{"name":"French Society of Sports Physical Therapist (SFMKS Lab), 95270 Asni\u00e8res sur Oise, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"The Sensorimotor System, Part II: The Role of Proprioception in Motor Control and Functional Joint Stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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