{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:05:36Z","timestamp":1785798336034,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,16]],"date-time":"2020-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B62F14000560005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B62F14000560005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The colonization of microorganisms and their subsequent interaction with stone substrates under different environmental conditions encourage deterioration of materials by multiple mechanisms resulting in changes in the original color, appearance and durability. One of the emerging alternatives to remedy biodeterioration is nanotechnology, thanks to nanoparticle properties such as small size, no-toxicity, high photo-reactivity, and low impact on the environment. This study highlighted the effects of ZnO-based nanomaterials of two bacteria genera isolated from the Temple of Concordia (Agrigento\u2019s Valley of the Temples in Sicily, Italy) that are involved in biodeterioration processes. The antimicrobial activities of ZnO-nanorods (Zn-NRs) and graphene nanoplatelets decorated with Zn-NRs (ZNGs) were evaluated against the Gram positive Arthrobacter aurescens and two isolates of the Gram negative Achromobacter spanius. ZNGs demonstrated high antibacterial and antibiofilm activities on several substrates such as stones with different porosity. In the case of ZNGs, a marked time- and dose-dependent bactericidal effect was highlighted against all bacterial species. Therefore, these nanomaterials represent a promising tool for developing biocompatible materials that can be exploited for the conservation of cultural heritage. These nanostructures can be successfully applied without releasing toxic compounds, thus spreading their usability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Antibacterial Effect of Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomaterials on Environmental Biodeteriogens Affecting Historical Buildings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Schifano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cCharles Darwin\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Cavallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"De Bellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3863-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Bracciale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Candida","family":"Felici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3261-6024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Santarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Sabrina","family":"Sarto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Uccelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cCharles Darwin\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-8305(00)00043-3","article-title":"Influence of atmospheric pollutants on the biodeterioration of stone","volume":"45","author":"Zanardini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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