{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:09:06Z","timestamp":1792188546034,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology","award":["ART2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ART2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular inflammation is one of the most prevalent diseases in ophthalmology, which can affect various parts of the eye or the surrounding tissues. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, are commonly used to treat ocular inflammation in the form of eye-drops. However, their bioavailability in ocular tissues is very low (less than 5%). Therefore, drug delivery systems such as biodegradable polymeric PLGA nanoparticles constitute a suitable alternative to topical eye administration, as they can improve ocular bioavailability and simultaneously reduce drug induced side effects. Moreover, their prolonged drug release can enhance patient treatment adherence as they require fewer administrations. Therefore, several formulations of PLGA based nanoparticles encapsulating dexibuprofen (active enantiomer of Ibuprofen) were prepared using the solvent displacement method employing different surfactants. The formulations have been characterized and their interactions with a customized lipid corneal membrane model were studied. Ex vivo permeation through ocular tissues and in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy have also been studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T04:45:31Z","timestamp":1586753131000},"page":"720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Dexibuprofen Biodegradable Nanoparticles: One Step Closer towards a Better Ocular Interaction Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Esteruelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1269-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Espina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Prat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miren","family":"Ettcheto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Camins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaid","family":"Alsafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Pujol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-009-0016-x","article-title":"Ibuprofen: Pharmacology, efficacy and safety","volume":"17","author":"Rainsford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1163\/156856003322699555","article-title":"Dexibuprofen: Pharmacology, therapeutic uses and safety","volume":"11","author":"Kaehler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1159\/000065608","article-title":"Enhanced Ocular Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ibuprofen Carried by an Eudragit RS100 \u00ae Nanoparticle Suspension","volume":"34","author":"Bucolo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opthalmic"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.08.008","article-title":"Penetration of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with an HIV-1 inhibitor peptide derived from GB virus C in a vaginal mucosa model","volume":"120","author":"Espina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.012","article-title":"PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery","volume":"99","author":"Suk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledezma, D.K., Balakrishnan, P.B., Cano-mejia, J., Sweeney, E.E., Hadley, M., Bollard, C.M., and Villagra, A. (2020). Indocyanine Green-Nexturastat A-PLGA Nanoparticles Combine Photothermal and Epigenetic Therapy for Melanoma. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010161"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1316-4","article-title":"Biodegradable PLGA-b-PEG polymeric nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, and nanomedical applications as drug delivery system","volume":"14","author":"Locatelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorati, R., DeTrizio, A., Spalla, M., Migliavacca, R., Pagani, L., Pisani, S., Chiesa, E., Conti, B., Modena, T., and Genta, I. (2018). Gentamicin Sulfate PEG-PLGA\/PLGA-H nanoparticles: Screening design and antimicrobial effect evaluation toward clinic bacterial isolates. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8010037"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"EMA\/CHMP (2017). Information for the package leaflet regarding polysorbates used as excipients in medicinal products for human use. Eur. Med. Agency Comm. Med. Prod. Hum. Use, 44, 1\u201342."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.12.003","article-title":"New potential strategies for Alzheimer\u2019s disease prevention: Pegylated biodegradable dexibuprofen nanospheres administration to APPswe\/PS1dE9","volume":"13","author":"Ettcheto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.04.054","article-title":"PEGylated PLGA nanospheres optimized by design of experiments for ocular administration of dexibuprofen\u2013 in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo characterization","volume":"145","author":"Egea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.01.019","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate loaded PEGylated-PLGA nanoparticles: A new anti-seizure strategy for temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Cano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102026","article-title":"Development of Halobetasol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier for dermal administration: Optimization, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical behavior, and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"20","author":"Espina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22784","article-title":"Improved and safe transcorneal delivery of flurbiprofen by NLC and NLC-based hydrogels","volume":"101","author":"Nikolic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S105606","article-title":"Influence of freeze-drying and \u03b3 -irradiation in preclinical studies of flurbiprofen polymeric nanoparticles for ocular delivery using d-(+)-trehalose and polyethylene glycol","volume":"11","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000251519.49405.55","article-title":"In situ cross-linkable hyaluronan hydrogels containing polymeric nanoparticles for preventing postsurgical adhesions","volume":"245","author":"Yeo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Invittox-Protocol (1990). Ergatt\/Frame data bank of in vitro techniques in toxicology. Toxicol. Vitro, 4, 707\u2013710.","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(90)90148-M"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"133","article-title":"Eye irritation hazard of chemicals and formulations assessed by methods in vitro","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"609","article-title":"Conjugation of cell-penetrating peptides with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles improves ocular drug delivery","volume":"10","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Memantine-Loaded PEGylated Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Egea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, H., Worch, R., and Schwille, P. (2013). Model membrane systems. Protein-Ligand Interactions: Methods and Applications. Methods in Molecular Biology, Springer-Science+Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-398-5_15"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Davies, J.T., and Rideal, E.K. (1963). Interfacial Phenomena, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00203-5","article-title":"The monolayer technique: A potent tool for studying the interfacial properties of antimicrobial and membrane-lytic peptides and their interactions with lipid membranes","volume":"1462","year":"1999","journal-title":"BBA Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2013024","article-title":"The physical properties of lipid monolayers and bilayers containing calixarenes sensitive to cytochrome c","volume":"32","author":"Vitovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(97)00075-8","article-title":"Effect of lipid structure on the dipole potential of phosphatidylcholine bilayers","volume":"1327","author":"Clarke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.04.024","article-title":"Interaction of the GBV-C E2-derived peptide, P6-2VIR576, with anionic phospholipid membranes","volume":"532","author":"Ortiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(98)77951-2","article-title":"Intramembrane molecular dipoles affect the membrane insertion and folding of a model amphiphilic peptide","volume":"74","author":"Cladera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.074666","article-title":"Cholesterol effect on the dipole potential of lipid membranes","volume":"90","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.11.065","article-title":"In-situ forming gels containing fluorometholone-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for ocular inflammatory conditions","volume":"175","author":"Calpena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Segura, L., Parra, A., Calpena-Campmany, A.C., Gimeno, \u00c1., de Aranda, I.G., and Boix-Monta\u00f1es, A. (2020). Ex vivo permeation of carprofen vehiculated by PLGA nanoparticles through porcine mucous membranes and ophthalmic tissues. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020355"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"665","article-title":"The influence of technological parameters on the physicochemical properties of blank PLGA nanoparticles","volume":"65","author":"Ozturk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.02.008","article-title":"Definition of an 18-mer Synthetic Peptide Derived from the GB virus C E1 Protein as a New HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor","volume":"1860","author":"Gatell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.04.048","article-title":"Thermal annealing effect on the structural and the optical properties of Nano CdTe films","volume":"126","author":"Dongol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optik (Stuttg)"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.10.059","article-title":"Structural changes on polymeric nanoparticles induced by hydrophobic drug entrapment","volume":"538","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.01.033","article-title":"Factorial design, physicochemical characterisation and activity of ciprofloxacin-PLGA nanoparticles","volume":"275","author":"Dillen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2016.1275669","article-title":"Freeze drying optimization of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular flurbiprofen delivery: Effect of protectant agents and critical process parameters on long-term stability","volume":"43","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"345","article-title":"Cin\u00e9tica de liberaci\u00f3n de cefalexiana desde un biomaterial compuesto por HAP-200\/POVIAC\/CaCO 3","volume":"75","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"An. Real Acad. Nac. Farm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2016.08.011","article-title":"In Vitro Release Mechanisms of Doxorubicin From a Clinical Bead Drug-Delivery System","volume":"105","author":"Ahnfelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2019.1634971","article-title":"Controlled-release of fluazinam from biodegradable PLGA-based microspheres","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Heal. Part B Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.04.045","article-title":"Flurbiprofen PLGA-PEG nanospheres: Role of hydroxy-\u03b2-cyclodextrin on ex vivo human skin permeation and in vivo topical anti-inflammatory efficacy","volume":"110","author":"Vega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4157(96)00009-3","article-title":"Lateral pressure in membranes","volume":"1286","author":"Marsh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2008.09.023","article-title":"Efficient formation of giant liposomes through the gentle hydration of phosphatidylcholine films doped with sugar","volume":"68","author":"Tsumoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.03.031","article-title":"Cyclosporin A distribution in cholesterol-sphingomyelin artificial membranes modeled as Langmuir monolayers","volume":"166","author":"Lipiec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-019-00117-2","article-title":"Properties of the Langmuir and Langmuir\u2013Blodgett monolayers of cholesterol-cyclosporine A on water and polymer support","volume":"25","author":"Przykaza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.05.009","article-title":"Langmuir monolayer studies of the interaction of monoamphiphilic pentacyclic triterpenes with anionic mitochondrial and bacterial membrane phospholipids - Searching for the most active terpene","volume":"1838","author":"Broniatowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80471-0","article-title":"Dual-wavelength ratiometric fluorescence measurement of the membrane dipole potential","volume":"67","author":"Gross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10344","article-title":"Influence of molecular dipoles on human skin permeability: Use of 6-ketocholestanol to enhance the transdermal delivery of bacitracin","volume":"92","author":"Cladera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.000075","article-title":"Dipole potential and head-group spacing are determinants for the membrane partitioning of pregnanolone","volume":"66","author":"Alakoskela","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.02.003","article-title":"Nanomedicines for ocular NSAIDs: Safety on drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9217","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03876","article-title":"Impact of surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) density on biodegradable nanoparticle transport in mucus ex vivo and distribution in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.04.061","article-title":"Influence of different surfactants on the technological properties and in vivo ocular tolerability of lipid nanoparticles","volume":"470","author":"Leonardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(02)00057-X","article-title":"Eudragit RS100 nanosuspensions for the ophthalmic controlled delivery of ibuprofen","volume":"16","author":"Pignatello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2010.522193","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of baicalin for ocular drug delivery system in vitro and in vivo","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023290514575","article-title":"Influence of preparation conditions on acyclovir-loaded poly-D,L-lactic acid nanospheres and effect of PEG coating on ocular drug bioavailability","volume":"20","author":"Giannavola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch, C., Kondiah, P.P.D., Choonara, Y.E., du Toit, L.C., Ally, N., and Pillay, V. (2019). Advances in biodegradable nano-sized polymer-based ocular drug delivery. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11081371"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20685","article-title":"Flurbiprofen loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for ophthalmic administration","volume":"95","author":"Vega","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/4\/720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:17:26Z","timestamp":1760174246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/4\/720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10040720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10040720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]}}}