{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:04:44Z","timestamp":1782511484506,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2622-E-008-020-CC3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2622-E-008-020-CC3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent dermatological diseases among adolescents and is often associated with overgrowth of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) in the pilosebaceous units. In this study, we aimed to develop novel rifampicin (RIF) and indocyanine green (ICG) co-loaded perfluorocarbon nanodroplets named RIPNDs which can simultaneously provide photo-, chemo-, and probiotic-antimicrobility, and explore their efficacy in treatment of C. acnes in vitro and in vivo. The RIPNDs were first characterized as being spherical in shape, with a size of 238.6 \u00b1 7.51 nm and surface charge of \u221222.3 \u00b1 3.5 mV. Then, the optimal dosages of Staphylococcus epidermidis\u2013produced fermentation product medium (FPM) and RIPND were determined as 25% (v\/v) and [RIF]\/[ICG] = 3.8\/20 \u03bcM, respectively, based on the analyses of inhibition zone and cytotoxicity in vitro. Through the in vivo study using C. acnes\u2013inoculated mice, our data showed that the group treated with FPM followed by RIPNDs + near infrared (NIR) irradiation obtained the least granulocytes\/macrophage-inflammatory protein 2 expression level in the epidermis, and showed a significantly lower microbial colony population compared to the groups treated with equal amount of RIF, FPM, RIPNDs, and\/or combination of the above \u00b1 NIR. These results indicated that the RIPND-mediated photo\u2013chemo\u2013probiotic therapeutics was indeed able to rapidly suppress inflammatory response of the skin and provide a robust antibacterial effect against C. acnes with limited use of antibiotics. Taken altogether, we anticipate that the RIPND is highly potential for use in the clinical treatment of acne vulgaris.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T04:09:03Z","timestamp":1591070943000},"page":"1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Novel Rifampicin and Indocyanine Green Co-Loaded Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets Provide Effective In Vivo Photo\u2013Chemo\u2013Probiotic Antimicrobility against Pathogen of Acne Vulgaris Cutibacterium acnes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kuang-Hung","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University. No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University. No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1895-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University. No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00527-7","article-title":"Systematic review of antibiotic resistance in acne: An increasing topical and oral threat","volume":"16","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200308000-00009","article-title":"Update on pathogenesis and treatment of acne","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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