{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:40:55Z","timestamp":1791895255476,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The environmental release of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) associated with their intensive use has been reported to have a genotoxic effect on male fertility. TiO2NP is able to bind and transport environmental pollutants, such as cadmium (Cd), modifying their availability and\/or toxicity. The aim of this work is to assess the in vitro effect of TiO2NPs and cadmium interaction in human sperm cells. Semen parameters, apoptotic cells, sperm DNA fragmentation, genomic stability and oxidative stress were investigated after sperm incubation in cadmium alone and in combination with TiO2NPs at different times (15, 30, 45 and 90 min). Our results showed that cadmium reduced sperm DNA integrity, and increased sperm DNA fragmentation and oxidative stress. The genotoxicity induced by TiO2NPs-cadmium co-exposure was lower compared to single cadmium exposure, suggesting an interaction of the substances to modulate their reactivity. The Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) computational method showed that the interaction between TiO2NPs and cadmium leads to the formation of a sandwich-like structure, with cadmium in the middle, which results in the inhibition of its genotoxicity by TiO2NPs in human sperm cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1591676379000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["In Vitro Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) Genotoxicity in Human Sperm Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marianna","family":"Santonastaso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Special Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Mottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Iovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Cesaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PMA Center of Cassinate, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Colacurci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Special Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-33","article-title":"Identification of the mechanisms that drive the toxicity of TiO 2particulates: The contribution of physicochemical characteristics","volume":"6","author":"Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.01.012","article-title":"Intelligent nanomaterials for medicine: Carrier platforms and targeting strategies in the context of clinical application","volume":"9","author":"Lehner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7339","article-title":"Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles","volume":"113","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2014.01.008","article-title":"Genotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.10.032","article-title":"Genotoxic and cell-transforming effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"136","author":"Demir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.09.013","article-title":"n-TiO2 and CdCl2 co-exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and cadmium: Genomic, DNA and chromosomal damage evaluation in the marine fish European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"168","author":"Nigro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.12.012","article-title":"Genotoxicity assessment of TiO2 nanoparticles in the teleost Danio rerio","volume":"113","author":"Rocco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Larsen, P.B., M\u00f8rck, T.A., Andersen, D.N., and Hougaard, K.S. (2020, June 04). A Critical Review of Studies on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Nanomaterials Month 20xx. Available online: https:\/\/euon.echa.europa.eu\/documents\/23168237\/24095696\/critical_review_of_studies_on_reproductive_and_developmental_toxicity_of_nanomaterials_en.pdf\/c83f78ef-7136-ef4b-268c-c5d9b7bf1fea."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23134","article-title":"In vitro genotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) in human sperm cells","volume":"86","author":"Santonastaso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.807446","article-title":"Enhanced toxicity of \u201cbulk\u201d titanium dioxide compared to \u201cfresh\u201d and \u201caged\u201d nano-TiO2 in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)","volume":"8","author":"Fasulo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.01.002","article-title":"Effects of in vitro exposure to titanium dioxide on DNA integrity of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) fibroblasts and leukocytes","volume":"100","author":"Frenzilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.09.020","article-title":"Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin bioconcentration and toxicity in the marine fish European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"196","author":"Buonocore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2017.1343404","article-title":"Nanoparticle interactions with co-existing contaminants: Joint toxicity, bioaccumulation and risk","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.006","article-title":"Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment","volume":"150","author":"Nowack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.11.002","article-title":"Interactive effects of n-TiO2 and 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis","volume":"153","author":"Canesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.009","article-title":"Are the TiO2 NPs a \u201cTrojan horse\u201d for personal care products (PCPs) in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum?","volume":"185","author":"Sendra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mottola, F., Iovine, C., Santonastaso, M., Romeo, M.L., Pacifico, S., Cobellis, L., and Rocco, L. (2019). NPs-TiO2 and lincomycin coexposure induces DNA damage in cultured human amniotic cells. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9111511"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, W.H., Cui, M., Shi, Z.W., and Cheng Tan, X.P.Y. (2012). Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Physiological Damage in Daphnia magna by Copper in the Presence of Nano-TiO2. J. Nanomater., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/398720"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.02.002","article-title":"Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae","volume":"161","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.08.022","article-title":"Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on speciation and bioavailability of arsenite","volume":"157","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1021\/es202110d","article-title":"Role of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the elevated uptake and retention of cadmium and zinc in Daphnia magna","volume":"46","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.11.015","article-title":"Modification of metal bioaccumulation and toxicity in Daphnia magna by titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"186","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4492-9","article-title":"The reduced bioavailability of copper by nano-TiO2 attenuates the toxicity to Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.05.011","article-title":"Does the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles reduce copper toxicity? A factorial approach with the benthic amphipod Gammarus fossarum","volume":"165","author":"Rosenfeldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.08.024","article-title":"Cd 2+ toxicity as affected by bare TiO 2 nanoparticles and their bulk counterpart","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.06.051","article-title":"TiO2 nanoparticles enhance bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans via modification of local concentrations during the sedimentation process","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449209145323","article-title":"Toxicological principles of metal carcinogenesis with special emphasis on cadmium","volume":"22","author":"Waalkes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.01.009","article-title":"Histological changes, apoptosis and metallothionein levels in Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela) exposed to environmental cadmium concentrations","volume":"173","author":"Capaldo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9329-x","article-title":"Cadmium stress: An oxidative challenge","volume":"23","author":"Cuypers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2020, June 04). Summaries & evaluations: Cadmium and cadmium compounds (Group 1). Available online: http:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/iarc\/vol58\/mono58-2.html."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOM.0000045726.75367.85","article-title":"Cadmium and health in the 21st Century\u2014Historical remarks and trends for the future","volume":"17","author":"Nordberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Biometals"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203029","article-title":"Adverse respiratory effects associated with Cadmium exposure in small-scale jewellery workshops in India","volume":"68","author":"Moitra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(99)00178-X","article-title":"A comparison of hepatocyte cytotoxic mechanisms for Cu2+ and Cd2+","volume":"143","author":"Pourahmad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/6.2.107","article-title":"Male Infertility and Environmental Exposure to Lead and Cadmium","volume":"6","author":"Benoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod33.4.911","article-title":"Interactive Effects of Organic and Inorganic Selenium with Cadmium and Mercury on Spermatozoal Oxygen Consumption and Motility in Vitro1","volume":"33","author":"Alabi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0207","article-title":"Acute effects on human sperm exposed in vitro to cadmium chloride and diisobutyl phthalate","volume":"158","author":"Marchiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186727","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186727","article-title":"Reproductive effects of cadmium on sperm function and early embryonic development in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13141","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of heavy metal effects on sperm function using computer-aided sperm analysis and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"50","author":"Hardneck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(95)00063-1","article-title":"The use of cultured ovarian fragments to assess toxicant alterations in steroidogenesis in the sprague-dawley rat","volume":"9","author":"Laskey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.02.011","article-title":"Combined effects of titanium dioxide and humic acid on the bioaccumulation of cadmium in Zebrafish","volume":"159","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.05.010","article-title":"Jointed toxicity of TiO2 NPs and Cd to rice seedlings: NPs alleviated Cd toxicity and Cd promoted NPs uptake","volume":"110","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.10.051","article-title":"Co-exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles does not affect cadmium toxicity in radish seeds (Raphanus sativus)","volume":"148","author":"Manesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.03.008","article-title":"The potential of TiO2 nanoparticles as carriers for cadmium uptake in Lumbriculus variegatus and Daphnia magna","volume":"118\u2013119","author":"Hartmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2012.710657","article-title":"The challenges of testing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in algal bioassays: Titanium dioxide and gold nanoparticles as case studies","volume":"7","author":"Hartmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32300","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032300","article-title":"Cd 2+ toxicity to a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as influenced by its adsorption on TiO 2 engineered nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2015.09.004","article-title":"Genomic and chromosomal damage in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: Effects of the combined exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and cadmium chloride","volume":"111","author":"Rocco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07130-6","article-title":"TiO2 nanoparticles potentiated the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis response of cadmium in two different human cells","volume":"27","author":"Ahamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2010). WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen. World Health Organ., 1, 10\u201317."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0525.1000117","article-title":"Genomic Damage in Human Sperm Cells Exposed In Vitro to Environmental Pollutants","volume":"2","author":"Rocco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.12.020","article-title":"OpenComet: An automated tool for comet assay image analysis","volume":"2","author":"Gyori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1191\/0748233706th267oa","article-title":"Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA as a tool for genotoxicity: An assessment","volume":"22","author":"Noel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-013-9586-y","article-title":"RAPD-PCR analysis for molecular characterization and genotoxic studies of a new marine fish cell line derived from Dicentrarchus labrax","volume":"66","author":"Rocco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2014.02.022","article-title":"Fragmentation of sperm DNA using the TUNEL method","volume":"38","author":"Chenlo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actas Urol\u00f3gicas Espa\u00f1olas"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_19_17","article-title":"Ying Tan Sperm DNA damage has a negative effect on early embryonic development following in vitro fertilization","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-016-0313-5","article-title":"Copper Bioaccumulation and Depuration in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Following Co-exposure to TiO2 and CuO Nanoparticles","volume":"71","author":"Mansouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.08.014","article-title":"Nano-sized titanium dioxide toxicity in rat prostate and testis: Possible ameliorative effect of morin","volume":"334","author":"Shahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/70807","article-title":"Toxic Effects of Anatase Titanium DioxideNanoparticles on Spermatogenesis and Testiclesin Male Mice","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polish J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.07.023","article-title":"Airway exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles and quartz and effects on sperm counts and testosterone levels in male mice","volume":"90","author":"Skovmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0439-8","article-title":"Effect of Cadmium on Trophoblast Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Different Gestation Periods of Rat Placenta","volume":"169","author":"Erboga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.12.057","article-title":"Quercetin attenuates cadmium-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in granulosa cells from chicken ovarian follicles","volume":"31","author":"Jia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233714566874","article-title":"Protective effects of grape seed extract on cadmium-induced testicular damage, apoptosis, and endothelial nitric oxide synthases expression in rats","volume":"32","author":"Tascioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.05.014","article-title":"Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the testes of frog Rana limnocharis","volume":"122\u2013123","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22414","article-title":"Nickel sulfate induced apoptosis via activating ROS-dependent mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways in rat Leydig cells","volume":"32","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.01.013","article-title":"Cadmium and cellular signaling cascades: To be or not to be?","volume":"238","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.02.001","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation: An early and reliable marker of air pollution","volume":"58","author":"Bosco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.02.032","article-title":"Redefining the relationship between sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay and outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques","volume":"84","author":"Payne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.02.078","article-title":"DNA changes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings induced by cadmium pollution using RAPD analysis","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2006.06.001","article-title":"The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and related techniques applied to genotoxicity and carcinogenesis studies: A critical review","volume":"613","author":"Atienzar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.11.011","article-title":"Impact assessment of cadmium contamination on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings at molecular and population levels using multiple biomarkers","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1021\/es060589n","article-title":"Titanium dioxide (P25) produces reactive oxygen species in immortalized brain microglia (BV2): Implications for nanoparticle neurotoxicity","volume":"40","author":"Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_150_18","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in male infertility: An updated review","volume":"12","author":"Alahmar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-011-0369-4","article-title":"Cellular oxidative damage of HEK293T cells induced by combination of CdCl2 and nano-TiO2","volume":"31","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"561","article-title":"Nanoparticles\u2014A Review","volume":"5","author":"Mohanraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390701381596","article-title":"Improved method to disperse nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo investigation of toxicity","volume":"1","author":"Sager","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"4438","article-title":"Redox Regulation of Fertility in Aging Male and the Role of Antioxidants: A Savior or Stressor","volume":"23","author":"Leisegang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2007.12.007","article-title":"Computational toxicology in drug development","volume":"13","author":"Muster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/6\/1118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:35:58Z","timestamp":1760175358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/6\/1118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10061118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10061118","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]}}}