{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:39:29Z","timestamp":1790959169742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SUNUM","award":["I.A.SN-19-00005 (S.C.) and I.A.SN-19-00001 (A.Z.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I.A.SN-19-00005 (S.C.) and I.A.SN-19-00001 (A.Z.)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The eye is a complex organ consisting of several protective barriers and particular defense mechanisms. Since this organ is exposed to various infections, genetic disorders, and visual impairments it is essential to provide necessary drugs through the appropriate delivery routes and vehicles. The topical route of administration, as the most commonly used approach, maybe inefficient due to low drug bioavailability. New generation safe, effective, and targeted drug delivery systems based on nanocarriers have the capability to circumvent limitations associated with the complex anatomy of the eye. Nanotechnology, through various nanoparticles like niosomes, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and different polymeric vesicles play an active role in ophthalmology and ocular drug delivery systems. Niosomes, which are nano-vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants, are emerging nanocarriers in drug delivery applications due to their solution\/storage stability and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, they are biocompatible, biodegradable, flexible in structure, and suitable for loading both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. These characteristics make niosomes promising nanocarriers in the treatment of ocular diseases. Hereby, we review niosome based drug delivery approaches in ophthalmology starting with different preparation methods of niosomes, drug loading\/release mechanisms, characterization techniques of niosome nanocarriers and eventually successful applications in the treatment of ocular disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T11:00:56Z","timestamp":1592478056000},"page":"1191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Niosomal Drug Delivery Systems for Ocular Disease\u2014Recent Advances and Future Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saliha","family":"Durak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monireh","family":"Esmaeili Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4581-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abuzer","family":"Alp Yetisgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hande","family":"Eda Sutova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Kutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibel","family":"Cetinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0391-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Zarrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.07.027","article-title":"Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery","volume":"58","author":"Urtti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. 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