{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:49:33Z","timestamp":1790419773977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["861878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["872331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["872331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["97744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC1181 projects: C03, A01, B02, and Z02; KFO 306; FOR 2886 projects: A03, B03, and B04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC1181 projects: C03, A01, B02, and Z02; KFO 306; FOR 2886 projects: A03, B03, and B04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine","award":["0119U101338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0119U101338"]}]},{"name":"RECOOP HST Association (Cedars Sinai Medical Center\u2019s International Research and Innovation in Medicine Program, the Association for Regional Cooperation in the Fields of Health, Science and Technology)","award":["RCSS 020, and BMYSRG 015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCSS 020, and BMYSRG 015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many nano\/microparticles (n\/\u00b5P), to which our body is exposed, have no physiological way of removal. Our immune system sense these \u201csmall particulate objects\u201d, and tries to decrease their harmfulness. Since oxidation, phagocytosis and other methods of degradation do not work with small, chemically resistant, and hydrophobic nanoparticles (nP). This applies to soot from air pollution, nano-diamonds from cosmic impact, polishing and related machines, synthetic polymers, and dietary n\/\u00b5P. Our body tries to separate these from the surrounding tissue using aggregates from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). This effectively works in soft tissues where n\/\u00b5P are entrapped into granuloma-like structures and isolated. The interactions of hydrophobic nanocrystals with circulating or ductal patrolling neutrophils and the consequent formation of occlusive aggregated NETs (aggNETs) are prone to obstruct capillaries, bile ducts in gallbladder and liver, and many more tubular structures. This may cause serious health problems and often fatality. Here we describe how specific size and surface properties of n\/\u00b5P can activate neutrophils and lead to aggregation-related pathologies. We discuss \u201cnatural\u201d sources of n\/\u00b5P and those tightly connected to unhealthy diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1593429437000},"page":"1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neutrophils as Main Players of Immune Response towards Nondegradable Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-1349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rostyslav","family":"Bilyy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galyna","family":"Bila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Biology NAAS, 79034 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Vishchur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Biology NAAS, 79034 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Vovk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3\u2014Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg (FAU), Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00844","article-title":"Editorial on the research topic: Nano-and Microparticle-Induced Cell Death, Inflammation and Immune Responses","volume":"10","author":"Anders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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