{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:39:35Z","timestamp":1789000775863,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biocompatible carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently attracted increased interest in biomedical imaging owing to their advantageous photoluminescence properties. Numerous precursors of fluorescent CQDs and various fabrication procedures are also reported in the literature. However; the use of concentrated mineral acids and other corrosive chemicals during the fabrication process curtails their biocompatibility and severely limits the utilization of the products in cell bio-imaging. In this study; a facile; fast; and cost-effective synthetic route is employed to fabricate CQDs from a natural organic resource; namely bread; where the use of any toxic chemicals is eliminated. Thus; the novel chemical-free technique facilitated the production of luminescent CQDs that were endowed with low cytotoxicity and; therefore; suitable candidates for bioimaging sensors. The above mentioned amorphous CQDs also exhibited fluorescence over 360\u2013420 nm excitation wavelengths; and with a broad emission range of 360\u2013600 nm. We have also shown that the CQDs were well internalized by muscle myoblasts (C2C12) and differentiated myotubes; the cell lines which have not been reported before.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1597138137000},"page":"1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bioimaging of C2C12 Muscle Myoblasts Using Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots Synthesized from Bread"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Karthiga","family":"K. Anpalagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimsheena","family":"V. Karakkat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1454-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Truskewycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Fabrication, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2479-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Al","family":"Saedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasso","family":"Apostolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulmira","family":"Nurgali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Fabrication, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1427-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zibo","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"T. H. Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201101706","article-title":"In vivo NIR fluorescence imaging, biodistribution and toxicology of photoluminescent carbon dots produced from carbon nanotubes and graphite","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt994","article-title":"In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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