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This paper therefore compares the effects of two nano-fertilisers on common sunflower production under field conditions. The benefits arising from the foliar application of micronutrient-based zinc oxide fertiliser were compared with those from the titanium dioxide plant-growth enhancer. Both the zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were delivered by foliar application in nano-size at a concentration of 2.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121. The foliar-applied nanoparticles (NPs) had good crystallinity and a mean size distribution under 30 nm. There were significant differences between these two experimental treatments in the leaf surfaces\u2019 trichomes diversity, ratio, width, and length at the flower-bud development stage. Somewhat surprisingly, our results established that the ZnO-NPs treatment induced generally better sunflower physiological responses, while the TiO2-NPs primarily affected quantitative and nutritional parameters such as oil content and changed sunflower physiology to early maturation. There were no differences detected in titanium or zinc translocation or accumulation in the fully ripe sunflower seeds compared to the experimental controls, and our positive results therefore encourage further nano-fertiliser research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T11:15:27Z","timestamp":1597749327000},"page":"1619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Foliar Application of Low Concentrations of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles to the Common Sunflower under Field Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Kolen\u010d\u00edk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Geology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Nanotechnology Centre, V\u0160B Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Grassland Ecosystems, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ur\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013duba","family":"\u010euri\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Bujdo\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-5064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"\u0160ebesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmud","family":"Dobro\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"K\u0161i\u0148an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. 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Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6376-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramakanth","family":"Illa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, AP IIIT, Nuzvid 521202, Krishna District, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihubei Lu, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9501-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 070 43, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"\u010cern\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Grassland Ecosystems, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. 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