{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:01:57Z","timestamp":1791082917177,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016017","name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KPFA\/2018\/0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KPFA\/2018\/0028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004327","name":"SingHealth Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHF\/FG661P\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHF\/FG661P\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymers are widely used in many applications in the field of biomedical engineering. Among eclectic selections of polymers, those with low melting temperature (Tm &lt; 200 \u00b0C), such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), or polyethylene, are often used in bone, dental, maxillofacial, and corneal tissue engineering as substrates or scaffolds. These polymers, however, are bioinert, have a lack of reactive surface functional groups, and have poor wettability, affecting their ability to promote cellular functions and biointegration with the surrounding tissue. Improving the biointegration can be achieved by depositing hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the polymeric substrates. Conventional thermal spray and vapor phase coating, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved plasma spray technique, is not suitable for application on the low Tm polymers due to the high processing temperature, reaching more than 1000 \u00b0C. Two non-thermal HAp coating approaches have been described in the literature, namely, the biomimetic deposition and direct nanoparticle immobilization techniques. In the current review, we elaborate on the unique features of each technique, followed by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to help readers decide on which method is more suitable for their intended applications. Finally, the future perspectives of the non-thermal HAp coating are given in the conclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10112162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T09:44:53Z","timestamp":1603964693000},"page":"2162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Biomimetic vs. Direct Approach to Deposit Hydroxyapatite on the Surface of Low Melting Point Polymers for Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5105-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andri K.","family":"Riau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subbu S.","family":"Venkatraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodhbir S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravichandran, R., Sundarrajan, S., Venugopal, J.R., Mukherjee, S., and Ramakrishna, S. (2010). Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering. J. R. Soc. Interface, 7.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0120.focus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0151","article-title":"Biomaterials in orthopaedics","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagho, M.M., Hussein, E.A., and Elzatahry, A.A. (2018). Recent Overviews in Functional Polymer Composites for Biomedical Applications. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10070739"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.106385","article-title":"Future perspectives for regenerative medicine in ophthalmology","volume":"20","author":"Elisseeff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u0131ncal, A.A., and Ka\u015f, H.S. (1998). Use of polymers in dentistry. Biomedical Science and Technology: Recent Developments in the Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5349-6"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(08)70086-5","article-title":"Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8686(97)00040-7","article-title":"Structure and reactivity of water at biomaterial surfaces","volume":"74","author":"Vogler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(93)90752-V","article-title":"Cell adhesion to plasma-treated polymer surfaces","volume":"34","author":"Tamada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001352","article-title":"Surface Modifications of the PMMA Optic of a Keratoprosthesis to Improve Biointegration","volume":"36","author":"Riau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2013.06.012","article-title":"Plasma treatment for improving cell biocompatibility of a biodegradable polymer scaffold for vascular graft applications","volume":"85","author":"Tille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.046375","article-title":"Five year follow up of biocolonisable microporous fluorocarbon haptic (BIOKOP) keratoprosthesis implantation in patients with high risk of corneal graft failure","volume":"88","author":"Alio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02540.x","article-title":"Bioceramics","volume":"81","author":"Hench","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820280307","article-title":"Synthesis, surface, and cell-adhesion properties of polyurethanes containing covalently grafted RGD-peptides","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5688","article-title":"Interaction of Different Types of Cells on Polymer Surfaces with Wettability Gradient","volume":"205","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5347-5","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite coatings on dental screws: Effects of blast coating process and biological response","volume":"26","author":"Dunne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7392","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7601","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite for Keratoprosthesis Biointegration","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e3181ac9a3d","article-title":"Surface Characterization of Dental Implants Coated with Hydroxyapatite by Plasma Spray and Biomimetic Process","volume":"18","author":"Vidigal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198712000-00014","article-title":"Chemical implant fixation using hydroxyl-apatite coatings: The development of a human total hip prosthesis for chemical fixation to bone using hydroxyl-apatite coatings on titanium substrates","volume":"225","author":"Geesink","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"309","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic experience with a hydroxyapatite-coated titanium plasma-sprayed porous implant","volume":"2","author":"Vaughn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.064147","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite promotes superior keratocyte adhesion and proliferation in comparison with current keratoprosthesis skirt materials","volume":"89","author":"Mehta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1044","article-title":"Calcium-phosphate surface coating by casting to improve bioactivity of titanium","volume":"58","author":"Sohmura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21690","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b07621","article-title":"Surface Modification of PMMA to Improve Adhesion to Corneal Substitutes in a Synthetic Core\u2013Skirt Keratoprosthesis","volume":"7","author":"Riau","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199602)30:2<261::AID-JBM17>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Bone-bonding behavior of plasma-sprayed coatings of BioglassR, AW-glass ceramic, and tricalcium phosphate on titanium alloy","volume":"30","author":"Kitsugi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-1995-5201","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite Coating on Ti Plate by a Dipping Method","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bio-Medical Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328213490312","article-title":"An improved biofunction of Titanium for keratoprosthesis by hydroxyapatite-coating","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.01.023","article-title":"Surface modification of corneal prosthesis with nano-hydroxyapatite to enhance in vivo biointegration","volume":"107","author":"Riau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehghanghadikolaei, A., and Fotovvati, B. (2019). Coating Techniques for Functional Enhancement of Metal Implants for Bone Replacement: A Review. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12111795"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10145","article-title":"Mechanical properties and Young\u2019s modulus of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coating on Ti substrate in simulated body fluid","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-0136(94)01679-U","article-title":"Thermal spraying of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings: Effects of powder feedstock","volume":"48","author":"Cheang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00413-1","article-title":"Characterization of the bone-like apatite precipitated on high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed calcium phosphate deposits","volume":"24","author":"Khor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.029","article-title":"A review on calcium phosphate coatings produced using a sputtering process? An alternative to plasma spraying","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00147-8","article-title":"Biological performance of calcium phosphate films formed on commercially pure Ti by electron-beam evaporation","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018587623231","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite","volume":"8","author":"Zhitomirsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"837","article-title":"Hot isostatic pressing-processed hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants: Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopy investigations","volume":"13","author":"Wie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08514.x","article-title":"Chemical and Structural Evolution of Sol-Gel-Derived Hydroxyapatite Thin Films under Rapid Thermal Processing","volume":"79","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1056","article-title":"Material fundamentals and clinical performance of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings: A review","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Smith, W.F., and Hashemi, J. (2006). Polymeric materials. Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, McGraw-Hill Higher Education."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-016-0421-9","article-title":"Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxylapatite-Based Coatings: Chemical, Mechanical, Microstructural, and Biomedical Properties","volume":"25","author":"Heimann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2012.0389","article-title":"Tissue Engineering of the Tympanic Membrane","volume":"19","author":"Teh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi-Nik, N., Rad, M.R., Nazeman, P., and Khojasteh, A. (2017). Polymers for oral and dental tissue engineering. Biomaterials for Oral and Dental Tissue Engineering, Elsevier BV.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100961-1.00003-7"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514547271","article-title":"Biomaterials for Craniofacial Bone Engineering","volume":"93","author":"Tevlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"127","article-title":"Adhesion Properties of Plasma Sprayed Hydroxylapatite Coatings for Orthopaedic Prostheses","volume":"3","author":"Brossa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biomed Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1243\/0954405971516022","article-title":"The role of grit blasting in the production of high-adhesion plasma sprayed alumina coatings","volume":"211","author":"Griffiths","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1361\/10599630522657","article-title":"Influence of Surface Laser Cleaning Combined with Substrate Preheating on the Splat Morphology","volume":"14","author":"Costil","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2004.03.020","article-title":"Velocity and temperature distributions of alumina\u2013titania in-flight particles in the atmospheric plasma spray process","volume":"192","author":"Guessasma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.05.002","article-title":"Influence of spraying conditions on thermal and velocity properties of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite","volume":"27","author":"Cizek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-019-00857-1","article-title":"Beyond Traditional Coatings: A Review on Thermal-Sprayed Functional and Smart Coatings","volume":"28","author":"Rad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.051","article-title":"Thermal sprayed hydroxyapatite splats: Nanostructures, pore formation mechanisms and TEM characterization","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0257-8972(95)02616-9","article-title":"Physical vapor deposition tool coatings","volume":"81","author":"Sproul","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00186-6","article-title":"Ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) of hydroxyapatite coating layer on Ti-based metal substrate","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4230-x","article-title":"Pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite on titanium substrate with titania interlayer","volume":"22","author":"Rajesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.10.125","article-title":"On the Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD): Evolution of Magnetron Sputtering Processes for Industrial Applications","volume":"17","author":"Baptista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1039\/b301435e","article-title":"Calcium phosphate coatings deposited by aerosol chemical vapour deposition","volume":"13","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820280308","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti produced by hot isostatic pressing","volume":"28","author":"Wie","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411981533917","article-title":"Calcium phosphate coatings for medical implants","volume":"212","author":"Wolke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.03.128","article-title":"Effect of annealing on nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite synthesized via microwave irradiation: Structural and spectroscopic studies","volume":"40","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(03)00248-6","article-title":"Thermogravimetric and thermokinetic investigation of the dehydroxylation of a hydroxyapatite powder","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00607-0","article-title":"The effect of sol\u2013gel-formed calcium phosphate coatings on bone ingrowth and osteoconductivity of porous-surfaced Ti alloy implants","volume":"25","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00332-X","article-title":"Water-based sol\u2013gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite: Process development","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2006.05.004","article-title":"Dip coated silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite films","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2008.07.114","article-title":"Accelerating calcium phosphate growth on NaOH-treated poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) by evaporation-induced surface crystallization","volume":"255","author":"Duan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219581X05003176","article-title":"Electrodeposition of nanocomposite organic\u2013inorganic coatings for biomedical applications","volume":"4","author":"Pang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.05.005","article-title":"Electrophoretic co-deposition of PEEK-hydroxyapatite composite coatings for biomedical applications","volume":"169","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017","article-title":"How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?","volume":"27","author":"Kokubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820240607","article-title":"Solutions able to reproducein vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W3","volume":"24","author":"Kokubo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(91)90194-F","article-title":"Bioactive glass ceramics: Properties and applications","volume":"12","author":"Kokubo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00019-3","article-title":"Synthesis of biomimetic Ca-hydroxyapatite powders at 37 \u00b0C in synthetic body fluids","volume":"21","author":"Tas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3363\/prb1992.17.0_119","article-title":"Round-Robin Test of SBF For In Vitro Measurement of Apatite-Forming Ability of Synthetic Materials","volume":"17","author":"Takadama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phosphorus Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10426","article-title":"Formation and growth of clusters in conventional and new kinds of simulated body fluids","volume":"64","author":"Oyane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.192-195.47","article-title":"Revised Simulated Body Fluid","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB02156E","article-title":"Osteogenic and tenogenic induction of hBMSCs by an integrated nanofibrous scaffold with chemical and structural mimicry of the bone\u2013ligament connection","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820290310","article-title":"Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: Improvement in its adhesion to substrate by glow-discharge treatment","volume":"29","author":"Tanahashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2004.0349","article-title":"Rapid coating of Ti6Al4V at room temperature with a calcium phosphate solution similar to 10\u00d7 simulated body fluid","volume":"19","author":"Tas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19970305)34:3<305::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Surface functional group dependence on apatite formation on self-assembled monolayers in a simulated body fluid","volume":"34","author":"Tanahashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-3106-6","article-title":"Functionalization of different polymers with sulfonic groups as a way to coat them with a biomimetic apatite layer","volume":"18","author":"Leonor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.11.039","article-title":"Coating of an apatite layer on polyamide films containing sulfonic groups by a biomimetic process","volume":"25","author":"Kawai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wentrup-Byrne, E., Suzuki, S., and Gr\u00f8ndahl, L. (2014). CHAPTER 9. Biomedical Applications of Phosphorus-Containing Polymers. Polymer Chemistry Series, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782624523-00167"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820281115","article-title":"In vitro hydroxyapatite deposition onto a film surface-grafted with organophosphate polymer","volume":"28","author":"Tretinnikov","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB02363D","article-title":"Structural effects of phosphate groups on apatite formation in a copolymer modified with Ca2+ in a simulated body fluid","volume":"6","author":"Hamai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00485-X","article-title":"Synthesis of methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate copolymers and in vitro calcification capacity","volume":"25","author":"Stancu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9975","DOI":"10.1021\/am502752j","article-title":"Surface Modification of Poly(d,l-Lactic Acid) Scaffolds for Orthopedic Applications: A Biocompatible, Nondestructive Route via Diazonium Chemistry","volume":"6","author":"Mahjoubi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.12.005","article-title":"Bioinspired mineralization and cell adhesion on surface functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) films","volume":"5","author":"Sailaja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.02.050","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth mechanism on electrospun fibers functionalized with different chemical groups and their combinations","volume":"31","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02509540","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the solution-mediated conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite: New correlations between X-ray diffraction and infrared data","volume":"58","author":"Gadaleta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Permyakova, E.S., Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, P.V., Gudz, K.Y., Konopatsky, A.S., Pol\u010d\u00e1k, J., Zhitnyak, I.Y., Gloushankova, N.A., Shtansky, D., and Manakhov, A. (2019). Comparison of Different Approaches to Surface Functionalization of Biodegradable Polycaprolactone Scaffolds. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121769"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.034","article-title":"Effects of a bone-like mineral film on phenotype of adult human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.07.048","article-title":"Simple surface modification of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) for apatite deposition from simulated body fluid","volume":"26","author":"Oyane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.08.024","article-title":"The effect of oxygen plasma pretreatment and incubation in modified simulated body fluids on the formation of bone-like apatite on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (70\/30)","volume":"28","author":"Qu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021426","article-title":"Material Binding Peptides for Nanotechnology","volume":"16","author":"Demir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.02.005","article-title":"Solid-binding peptides: Smart tools for nanobiotechnology","volume":"33","author":"Care","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB00624H","article-title":"Surface functionalization of polymer substrates with hydroxyapatite using polymer-binding peptides","volume":"4","author":"Iijima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2012.02.010","article-title":"Screening of PC and PMMA-binding peptides for site-specific immobilization of proteins","volume":"160","author":"Kumada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147241","article-title":"Mussel-Inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings","volume":"318","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2019-0061","article-title":"Mussel-inspired polydopamine-mediated surface modification of freeze-cast poly (\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"65","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15544","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03357","article-title":"Bioinspired Surface Functionalization for Improving Osteogenesis of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibers","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902347","article-title":"Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine Coating as a Universal Route to Hydroxyapatite Crystallization","volume":"20","author":"Ryu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.08.022","article-title":"Graded functionalization of biomaterial surfaces using mussel-inspired adhesive coating of polydopamine","volume":"159","author":"Perikamana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00206-2","article-title":"Characterization of calcium phosphates precipitated from simulated body fluid of different buffering capacities","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31096","article-title":"The effect of temperature and initial pH on biomimetic apatite coating","volume":"87","author":"Qu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-014-3394-5","article-title":"Sol\u2013gel synthesis of calcium hydroxyapatite thin films on quartz substrate using dip-coating and spin-coating techniques","volume":"71","author":"Stankeviciute","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00031-X","article-title":"Preparation and mechanical properties of nanocomposites of poly(D,L-lactide) with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite nanocrystals","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35565","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b12371","article-title":"Functionalization of the Polymeric Surface with Bioceramic Nanoparticles via a Novel, Nonthermal Dip Coating Method","volume":"8","author":"Riau","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.06.031","article-title":"Amorphous calcium (ortho)phosphates","volume":"6","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"378","article-title":"In vitroandin vivodegradation of biomimetic octacalcium phosphate and carbonate apatite coatings on titanium implants","volume":"64","author":"Barrere","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riau, A.K., Aung, T.T., Setiawan, M., Yang, L., Yam, G.H.F., Beuerman, R.W., Venkatraman, S.S., and Mehta, J.S. (2019). Surface Immobilization of Nano-Silver on Polymeric Medical Devices to Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030093"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1179","article-title":"Surface-mediated gene transfer from nanocomposites of controlled texture","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000017536.10767.0f","article-title":"Osteoinductive implants: The mise-en-sc\u00e8ne for drug-bearing biomimetic coatings","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"(2020, October 24). American Society for Testing and Materials F1185-03: Standard Specification for Composition of Hydroxylapatite for Surgical Implants. Available online: https:\/\/www.astm.org\/Standards\/F1185.htm."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"(2020, October 24). International Organization of Standards ISO 13779: Implants for Surgery\u2014Hydroxyapatite. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/64617.html."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKeen, L.W. (2008). High-temperature polymers. Effect of Temperature and Other Factors on Plastics and Elastomers, William Andrew Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-081551568-5.50012-8"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/11\/2162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:26:26Z","timestamp":1760178386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/11\/2162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10112162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10112162","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]}}}