{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:45:30Z","timestamp":1778697930736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]],"date-time":"2020-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cancer therapy with the lowest possible toxicity is today an issue that raises major difficulties in treating malignant tumors because chemo- and radiotherapy currently used in this field have a high degree of toxicity and in many cases are ineffective. Therefore, alternative solutions are rapidly being sought in cancer therapy, in order to increase efficacy and a reduce or even eliminate toxicity to the body. One of the alternative methods that researchers believe may be the method of the future in cancer therapy is superparamagnetic hyperthermia (SPMHT), because it can be effective in completely destroying tumors while maintaining low toxicity or even without toxicity on the healthy tissues. Superparamagnetic hyperthermia uses the natural thermal effect in the destruction of cancer cells, obtained as a result of the phenomenon of superparamagnetic relaxation of the magnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) introduced into the tumor; SPMNPs can heat the cancer cells to 42\u201343 \u00b0C under the action of an external alternating magnetic field with frequency in the range of hundreds of kHz. However, the effectiveness of this alternative method depends very much on finding the optimal conditions in which this method must be applied during the treatment of cancer. In addition to the type of magnetic nanoparticles and the biocompatibility with the biological tissue or nanoparticles biofunctionalization that must be appropriate for the intended purpose a key parameter is the size of the nanoparticles. Also, establishing the appropriate parameters for the external alternating magnetic field (AMF), respectively the amplitude and frequency of the magnetic field are very important in the efficiency and effectiveness of the magnetic hyperthermia method. This paper presents a 3D computational study on specific loss power (Ps) and heating temperature (\u0394T) which allows establishing the optimal conditions that lead to efficient heating of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which were found to be the most suitable for use in superparamagnetic hyperthermia (SPMHT), as a non-invasive and alternative technique to chemo- and radiotherapy. The size (diameter) of the nanoparticles (D), the amplitude of the magnetic field (H) and the frequency (f) of AMF were established in order to obtain maximum efficiency in SPMHT and rapid heating of magnetic nanoparticles at the required temperature of 42\u201343 \u00b0C for irreversible destruction of tumors, without affecting healthy tissues. Also, an analysis on the amplitude of the AMF is presented, and how its amplitude influences the power loss and, implicitly, the heating temperature, observables necessary in SPMHT for the efficient destruction of tumor cells. Following our 3D study, we found for Fe3O4 nanoparticles the optimal diameter of ~16 nm, the optimal range for the amplitude of the magnetic field of 10\u201325 kA\/m and the optimal frequency within the biologically permissible limit in the range of 200\u2013500 kHz. Under the optimal conditions determined for the nanoparticle diameter of 16.3 nm, the magnetic field of 15 kA\/m and the frequency of 334 kHz, the magnetite nanoparticles can be quickly heated to obtain the maximum hyperthermic effect on the tumor cells: in only 4.1\u20134.3 s the temperature reaches 42\u201343 \u00b0C, required in magnetic hyperthermia, with major benefits in practical application in vitro and in vivo, and later in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T20:04:58Z","timestamp":1609099498000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Optimization Study on Specific Loss Power in Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia with Magnetite Nanoparticles for High Efficiency in Alternative Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Costica","family":"Caizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Bv. V. Parvan No 4, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, November 16). World Cancer Research Fund International, London, Data for Cancer Frequency by Country. Available online: http:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/int\/cancer-facts-figures\/data-cancer-frequency-country."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R167","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/36\/13\/201","article-title":"Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine","volume":"36","author":"Pankhurst","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1723(03)90138-1","article-title":"Complete regression of mouse mammary carcinoma with a size greater than 15 mm by frequent repeated hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles","volume":"96","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.03.038","article-title":"Magnetite nanoparticle-loaded anti-HER2 immunoliposomes for combination of antibody therapy with hyperthermia","volume":"212","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"191","article-title":"Functional magnetic particles for medical application","volume":"Volume 91","author":"Shinkai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Recent Progress of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering in Japan II. Advances in Biochemical Engineering"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.100.1","article-title":"Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"100","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21061","article-title":"Intratumoral injection of immature dendritic cells enhances antitumor effect of hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"116","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2005.02.026","article-title":"Towards breast cancer treatment by magnetic heating","volume":"293","author":"Hilger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20213","article-title":"Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) reduces prostate cancer growth in the orthotopic Dunning R3327 rat model","volume":"64","author":"Johannsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-005-9059-z","article-title":"The effect of thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles on rat malignant glioma","volume":"78","author":"Jordan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.11.023","article-title":"Thermotherapy of prostate cancer using magnetic nanoparticles: Feasibility, imaging, and three-dimensional temperature distribution","volume":"52","author":"Johannsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9195-0","article-title":"Intracranial thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy: Results of a feasibility study on patients with glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"81","author":"Rothe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-007-0197-4","article-title":"Intracellular heating of living cells through N\u00e9el relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"37","author":"Fortin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2217\/17435889.3.6.831","article-title":"Optimizing magnetic nanoparticle design for nanothermotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Gazeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.04.020","article-title":"The in vivo performance of biomagnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in cancer hyperthermia therapy","volume":"30","author":"Hou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201100045","article-title":"Cancer hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.838646","article-title":"Cell death induced by AC magnetic fields and magnetic nanoparticles: Current state and perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Goya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.821527","article-title":"Use of bacterial magnetosomes in the magnetic hyperthermia treatment of tumours: A review","volume":"29","author":"Chebbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.832815","article-title":"In vivo applications of magnetic nanoparticle Hyperthermia","volume":"29","author":"Hilger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-014-1417-0","article-title":"High Therapeutic Efficiency of Magnetic Hyperthermia in Xenograft Models Achieved with Moderate Temperature Dosages in the Tumor Area","volume":"31","author":"Kossatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.14.106","article-title":"Antitumor immunity by magnetic nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia","volume":"9","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-015-0576-1","article-title":"Efficient treatment of breast cancer xenografts with multifunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles combining magnetic hyperthermia and anticancer drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Kossatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18872","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR06168G","article-title":"Can magneto-plasmonic nanohybrids efficiently combine photothermia with magnetic hyperthermia?","volume":"7","author":"Espinosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8035","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3538-4","article-title":"Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide mediated magnetic hyperthermia in treatment of neck lymph node metastasis in rabbit pyriform sinus VX2 carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.09.016","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle-induced hyperthermia with appropriate payloads: Paul Ehrlich\u2019s \u2018\u2018magic (nano) bullet\u201d for cancer theranostics?","volume":"50","author":"Datta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Rai, M., and Shegokar, R. (2017). Magnetic hyperthermia-using magnetic metal\/oxide nanoparticles with potential in cancer therapy. Metal Nanoparticles in Pharma, Springer."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31553-9","article-title":"Combining bulk temperature and nanoheating enables advanced magnetic fluid hyperthermia efficacy on pancreatic tumor cells","volume":"8","author":"Engelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00652","article-title":"Evolution of magnetic hyperthermia for glioblastoma multiforme therapy","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosc."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Rai, M., and Jamil, B. (2019). Magnetic\/Superparamagnetic hyperthermia as an effective noninvasive alternative method for therapy of malignant tumors. Nanotheranostics: Applications and Limitations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"99","article-title":"Th\u00e9orie du tra\u00eenage magn\u00e9tique des ferromagn\u00e9tiques en grains fins avec application aux terres cuites","volume":"5","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.130.1677","article-title":"Thermal fluctuations of a single-domain particle","volume":"130","author":"Brown","year":"1963","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(02)00706-0","article-title":"Heating magnetic fluid with alternating magnetic field","volume":"252","author":"Rosensweig","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2008.2001661","article-title":"Study of the optimum dose of ferromagnetic nanoparticles suitable for cancer therapy using MFH","volume":"44","author":"Pavel","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Smit, J., and Wijin, H.P.J. (1961). Les Ferites, Bibl. Tehn. Philips."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela, R. (1994). Magnetic Ceramics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511600296"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1039\/b708156a","article-title":"Mechanism of cell death induced by magnetic hyperthermia with nanoparticles of \u03b3-MnxFe2\u2013xO3 synthesized by a single step process","volume":"17","author":"Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30630","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of heating ability and biocompatibility of different ferrite-based magnetic fluids for hyperthermia application","volume":"81B","author":"Pradhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Caizer, C., Hadaruga, N., Hadaruga, D., Tanasie, G., and Vlazan, P. (2010, January 12\u201314). The Co ferrite nanoparticles\/liposomes: Magnetic bionanocomposites for applications in malignant tumors therapy. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Inorganic Materials, Biarritz, France."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.03.008","article-title":"Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2012.03.043","article-title":"MnZnFe nanoparticles for self-controlled magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"324","author":"Hejase","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Caizer, C. (2012, January 8\u201313). Magnetic anisotropy of Co\u03b4Fe3\u2212\u03b4O4 nanoparticles for applications in magnetic hyperthermia. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Magnetism (ICM 2012), Busan, Korea."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5187-3","article-title":"Study on the efficiency of nanosized magnetite and mixed ferrites in magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"25","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16867","DOI":"10.1021\/am5042934","article-title":"Enhanced magnetic fluid hyperthermia by micellar magnetic nanoclusters composed of MnxZn1\u2212xFe2O4 nanoparticles for induced tumor cell apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105601","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/10\/105601","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation of exquisite targeting SPIONs\u2013PEG\u2013HER in HER2+ human breast cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Almaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600357","article-title":"Synthesis of ferromagnetic Fe0.6Mn0.4O nanofl owers as a new class of magnetic theranostic platform for in vivo T1-T2 Dual-Mode magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic hyperthermia therapy","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-044X-2-3","article-title":"Hyperthermia using magnetite cationic liposomes for hamster osteosarcoma","volume":"2","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomagn. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705710","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705710","article-title":"\u201cAll-in-One\u201d Nanoparticles for trimodality imaging-guided intracellular photo-magnetic hyperthermia therapy under intravenous administration","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-9948-x","article-title":"Anti-cancer effect of hyperthermia on breast cancer by magnetite nanoparticle-loaded anti-HER2 immunoliposomes","volume":"113","author":"Kikumori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2011.04.003","article-title":"Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: Focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"166","author":"Laurent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Caizer, C. (2013, January 24\u201327). SPMHT with biocompatible SPIONs for destroy the cancer cells. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Fine Particle Magnetism (ICFPM-2013), Perpignan, France."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012015","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/521\/1\/012015","article-title":"Computational study on superparamagnetic hyperthermia with biocompatible SPIONs to destroy the cancer cells","volume":"521","author":"Caizer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506949t","article-title":"Combining magnetic hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy for tumor ablation with photoresponsive magnetic liposomes","volume":"9","author":"Espinosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.004","article-title":"Injectable and thermally contractible hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose\/Fe3O4 for magnetic hyperthermia ablation of tumors","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4914074","article-title":"Influence of size distribution and field amplitude on specific loss power","volume":"117","author":"Boskovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.02.029","article-title":"Systematic investigations on heating effects of carboxyl-amine functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) based ferrofluids for in vitro cancer hyperthermia therapy","volume":"256","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, C., and Rai, M. (2020). Magnetic nanoparticles in alternative tumors therapy: Biocompatibility, toxicity and safety compared with classical methods. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine: Current Medical Applications and Alternative Therapy of Cancer, Wiley. accepted.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754725.ch16"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s007060200047","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles and biosciences","volume":"133","author":"Safarik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mon. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1021\/jp104580t","article-title":"Heat production by bacterial magnetosomes exposed to an oscillating magnetic field","volume":"115","author":"Faure","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201290k","article-title":"Chains of magnetosomes extracted from AMB-1 magnetotactic bacteria for application in alternative magnetic field cancer therapy","volume":"5","author":"Faure","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2011.12.006","article-title":"Heating effect and biocompatibility of bacterial magnetosomes as potential materials used in magnetic fluid hyperthermia","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Rai, M., and Shegokar, R. (2017). Biocompatible magnetic oxide nanoparticles with metal ions coated with organic shell as potential therapeutic agents in cancer. Metal Nanoparticles in Pharma, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talegaonkar, S., and Rai, M. (2020). Magnetic nanoparticles nanoformulations for alternative therapy of cancer by magnetic\/superparamagnetic hyperthermia. Nanoformulations in Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41858-8"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"70","article-title":"Magn\u00e9tisme et th\u00e9orie des \u00e9lectrons","volume":"5","author":"Langevin","year":"1905","journal-title":"Ann. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2185850","article-title":"Superparamagnetism","volume":"30","author":"Bean","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"271","article-title":"Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy","volume":"Volume III","author":"Rado","year":"1963","journal-title":"Magnetism"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliofkhazraei, M. (2016). Nanoparticle size effect on some magnetic properties. Handbook of Nanoparticles, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15338-4"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(02)00701-1","article-title":"Magnetic behavior of Mn0.6Fe0.4Fe2O4 nanopartciles in ferrofluid at low temperatures","volume":"251","author":"Caizer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/15\/6\/303","article-title":"T2 law for magnetite-based ferrofluids","volume":"15","author":"Caizer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1070\/PU1974v017n02ABEH004332","article-title":"Magnetic fluids","volume":"17","author":"Shliomis","year":"1974","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Uspekhi."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.135.A447","article-title":"Thermal agitation of single domain particles","volume":"135","author":"Aharoni","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.3251","article-title":"Magnetization reversal in ultrashort magnetic field pulses","volume":"81","author":"Back","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07A307","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2830975","article-title":"Evaluation of iron-cobalt\/ferrite core-shell nanoparticles for cancer thermotherapy","volume":"103","author":"Habib","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.1156","article-title":"Magnetic particle hyperthermia\u2013biophysical limitations of a visionary tumour therapy","volume":"311","author":"Hergt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143901","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0018685","article-title":"Specific absortion rate of magnetic nanoparticles: Nonlinear AC susceptibility","volume":"128","author":"Vernay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07B324","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3076043","article-title":"Theory of magnetic fluid heating with an alternanting magnetic field with temperature dependent materials properties for self-regulated heanting","volume":"105","author":"Ondeck","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3432757","article-title":"Modeling the performance of magnetic nanoparticles in multimodal cancer therapy","volume":"107","author":"Purushotham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2020, December 18). The NanoTherm\u00ae Therapy, MagForce Nanomedicine, Germany. Available online: https:\/\/www.magforce.com\/en\/home\/our_therapy\/."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2018.11.027","article-title":"Poly-L-lysine designed magnetic nanoparticles for combined hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging and cancer cell detection","volume":"475","author":"Kubovcikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701201","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701201","article-title":"Photoacoustic-enabled self-guidance in magnetic hyperthermia Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles for theranostics in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/1\/40\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:26Z","timestamp":1760179586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/1\/40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nano11010040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano11010040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]}}}