{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:13:32Z","timestamp":1772972012420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gathering and sensing of nitrate ions in the environment due to the abundant use in industry and agriculture have become an important problem, which needs to be overcome. On the other hand, new materials such as carbon-based materials with unique properties have become an ideal choice in sensing technology. In this research, the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer as a carbon source in the melted form was used and carbon nanoparticles in the form of a strand between two electrodes were analyzed. It was fabricated between copper electrodes by the pulsed arc discharge method. Subsequently, the constructed metal\u2013nanoparticle\u2013metal (MNM) contact was employed to recognize the nitrate ions. Therefore, NaNO3, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, and NH4NO3 samples as a usual pollutant of industrial and agricultural wastewater were examined. All nitrate compounds in ten different densities were tested and sensor I-V characteristic was investigated, which showed that all the aforesaid compounds were recognizable by the graphene nano-strand. Additionally, the proposed structure in the presence of ions was simulated and acceptable agreement between them was reported. Additionally, the proposed structure analytically was investigated, and a comparison study between the proposed model and measured results was carried out and realistic agreement reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Graphene Nanoparticle-Based, Nitrate Ion Sensor Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4928-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Taghi","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research Center, Nano-Physic Group, Physics Department, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2515-2978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morteza","family":"Bodaghzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research Center, Nano-Physic Group, Physics Department, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Saeid","family":"Rahimian Koloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentsk\u00e1 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7643-8450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Petr\u016f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentsk\u00e1 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700180416","article-title":"Continuing importance of nitrate contamination of groundwater and wells in rural areas","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. 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