{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:07:31Z","timestamp":1776557251354,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-109-2221-E-006 -124."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-109-2221-E-006 -124."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silicon flakes of about 100 \u00d7 1000 \u00d7 1000 nm in sizes recycled from wastes of silicon wafer manufacturing processes were coated with combined silicon carbide (SiC) and graphitic (Resorcinol\u2013Formaldehyde (RF)) carbon coatings to serve as active materials of the anode of lithium ion battery (LIB). Thermal carbonization of silicon at 1000 \u00b0C for 5 h forms 5-nm SiC encapsulating silicon flakes. SiC provides physical strength to help silicon flakes maintain physical integrity and isolating silicon from irreversible reactions with the electrolyte. Lithium diffuses through SiC before alloying with silicon. The SiC buffer layer results in uniform alloying reactions between lithium and silicon on the surface around a silicon flake. RF carbon coatings provide enhanced electrical conductivity of SiC encapsulated silicon flakes. We characterized the coatings and anode by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), and electrical resistance measurements. Coin half-cells with combined SiC and RF carbon coatings exhibit an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 76% and retains a specific capacity of 955 mAh\/g at 100th cycle and 850 mAh\/g at 150th cycle of repetitive discharge and charge operation. Pre-lithiation of the anode increases the ICE to 97%. The SiC buffer layer reduces local stresses caused by non-uniform volume changes and improves the capacity retention and the cycling life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of SiC and Resorcinol\u2013Formaldehyde (RF) Carbon Coatings on Silicon-Flake-Based Anode of Lithium Ion Battery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonhua","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Microelectronics, National Cheng Kung University, One University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Lin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Microelectronics, National Cheng Kung University, One University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Ying","family":"Jhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Microelectronics, National Cheng Kung University, One University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hsuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Microelectronics, National Cheng Kung University, One University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198591","article-title":"Building a Better Battery","volume":"330","author":"Chiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/451652a","article-title":"Building better batteries","volume":"451","author":"Armand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3191","article-title":"Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage","volume":"11","author":"Bruce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2014.62","article-title":"Rechargeable Lithium Batteries and Beyond: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"39","author":"Amine","year":"2014","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16259-9","article-title":"A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020731c","article-title":"Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials","volume":"104","author":"Whittingham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209150","article-title":"A major constituent of brown algae for use in high-capacity Li-ion batteries","volume":"334","author":"Kovalenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.411","article-title":"High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires","volume":"3","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2725","article-title":"High-performance lithium-ion anodes using a hierarchical bottom-up approach","volume":"9","author":"Magasinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5236.590","article-title":"Mechanisms for Lithium Insertion in Carbonaceous Materials","volume":"270","author":"Dahn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.07.065","article-title":"Si\/C hybrid nanostructures for Li-ion anodes: An overview","volume":"246","author":"Terranova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.1021\/nl403231v","article-title":"High Volumetric Capacity Silicon-Based Lithium Battery Anodes by Nanoscale System Engineering","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422001","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/42\/422001","article-title":"Review of porous silicon preparation and its application for lithium-ion battery anodes","volume":"24","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5740","DOI":"10.1021\/nl4036498","article-title":"Enhanced lithium ion battery cycling of silicon nanowire anodes by template growth to eliminate silicon underlayer islands","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Tzeng, Y., and Chen, C.-A. (2019). Composite Electrode Material and Method for Manufacturing the Same. (#10,411,253), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2019.2946459","article-title":"Silicon Nanoparticles in Graphene Sponge for Long-Cycling-Life and High-Capacity Anode of Lithium Ion Battery","volume":"18","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1021\/nl300206e","article-title":"Porous Doped Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Anode with Long Cycle Life","volume":"12","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002108","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202002108","article-title":"Microclusters of Kinked Silicon Nanowires Synthesized by a Recyclable Iodide Process for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204476h","article-title":"Size-Dependent Fracture of Silicon Nanoparticles During Lithiation","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19521","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA05283A","article-title":"Nanostructured anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: Principle, recent progress and future perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12081229","article-title":"Recent Advances and Perspectives of Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries","volume":"12","author":"Roselin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.06.095","article-title":"A stable silicon\/graphene composite using solvent exchange method as anode materialfor lithium ion batteries","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30624","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA00566C","article-title":"Stablilization of silicon nanoparticles in graphene aerogel framework for lithium ion storage","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62564-0","article-title":"Conjugation with carbon nanotubes improves the performance of mesoporous silicon as Li-ion battery anode","volume":"10","author":"Ikonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2801","article-title":"Silicon\/Graphite\/Carbon Nanotubes Composites as Anode for Lithium Ion Battery","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11131","DOI":"10.1021\/jp072778d","article-title":"Amorphous Carbon-Coated Silicon Nanocomposites: A Low-Temperature Synthesis via Spray Pyrolysis and Their Application as High-Capacity Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"111","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.2","article-title":"The critical role of carbon in marrying silicon and graphite anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/ma6031138","article-title":"Applications of Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104811","article-title":"Conducting nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond coating for highly structural stable anode materials in lithium ion battery","volume":"74","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400280","article-title":"Electrically conductive ultrananocrystalline diamond-coated natural graphite-copper anode for new long life lithium-ion battery","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2010.2939","article-title":"Chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes: A review on growth mechanism and mass production","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050822","article-title":"A review of carbon nanomaterials\u2019 synthesis via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method","volume":"11","author":"Manawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"420619","article-title":"Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Growth Iron-Filled Carbon Nanotubes as Evidenced by Structural, Micro-Raman, and Thermogravimetric Analyses","volume":"2012","author":"Shamsudin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Condens. Matter Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020365","article-title":"Continuous Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Water-Assisted Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2004.11.113","article-title":"Investigation on the temperature-dependent growth rate of carbon nanotubes using chemical vapor deposition of ferrocene and acetylene","volume":"401","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.01.100","article-title":"Carbon nanotube growth inhibition in floating catalyst based chemical vapor deposition and its application in flexible circuit fabrication","volume":"116","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10122467","article-title":"Silicon-Based Anode of Lithium Ion Battery Made of Nano Silicon Flakes Partially Encapsulated by Silicon Dioxide","volume":"10","author":"Tzeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00441B","article-title":"Silicon oxides: A promising family of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11591","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11591","article-title":"Atomic-scale disproportionation in amorphous silicon monoxide","volume":"7","author":"Hirata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(02)00362-4","article-title":"SiOx-based anodes for secondary lithium batteries","volume":"152","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5011023","article-title":"Straightforward approach toward SiO2 nanospheres and their superior lithium storage performance","volume":"118","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2017.03.072","article-title":"Submicron silica as high-capacity lithium storage material with superior cycling performance","volume":"96","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Lindsay, M.J. (2004). Data Analysis and Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wollongong]. Chapter 10."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A865","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2755782","article-title":"Studies of Si1\u2014x Cx Electrode Materials Prepared by High-Energy Mechanical Milling and Combinatorial Sputter Deposition","volume":"154","author":"Timmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2014.04.020","article-title":"Nanocrystalline silicon carbide thin film electrodes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12463E","article-title":"Electrochemical characteristics of amorphous silicon carbide film as a lithium-ion battery anode","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15028","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra40798e","article-title":"Nano silicon carbide: A new lithium-insertion anode material on the horizon","volume":"3","author":"Kumari","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00166","article-title":"SiC Nanofibers as Long-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Materials","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b01492","article-title":"Silicon Carbide as a Protective Layer to Stabilize Si-Based Anodes by Inhibiting Chemical Reactions","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.07.006","article-title":"Critical thickness of phenolic resin-based carbon interfacial layer for improving long cycling stability of silicon nanoparticle anodes","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc41456f","article-title":"Sol\u2013gel coating of inorganic nanostructures with resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde resin","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21795","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA00789A","article-title":"A facile chemical method for the synthesis of 3C\u2013SiC nanoflakes","volume":"6","author":"Dragomir","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2007.06.065","article-title":"Influence of gas pressure on low-temperature preparation and film properties of nanocrystalline 3C-SiC thin films by HW-CVD using SiH4\/CH4\/H2 system","volume":"516","author":"Komura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.187401","article-title":"Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers","volume":"97","author":"Ferrari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(94)87015-2","article-title":"Resonance Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes","volume":"221","author":"Kastner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9070361","article-title":"Topic Review: Application of Raman Spectroscopy Characterization in Micro\/Nano-machining","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1063\/1.341533","article-title":"Raman scattering studies of chemical-vapor deposited cubic SiC films of (100) Si","volume":"64","author":"Feng","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"10","article-title":"Stress, Strain, and Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"34","author":"Tuschel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"913217-1","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy of nanostructured silicon fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching","volume":"9132","author":"Iatsunskyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst9020115","article-title":"Radiation Defects in Heterostructures 3C-SiC\/4H-SiC","volume":"9","author":"Lebedev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.12.094","article-title":"Core-shell yolk-shell Si@C@Void@C nanohybrids as advanced lithium ion battery anodes with good electronic conductivity and corrosion resistance","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.02.083","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Si-C nanocomposites with yolk- shell structure as an anode for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"704","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b03776","article-title":"Controlled Prelithiation of Silicon Monoxide for High Performance Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Full Cells","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b01627","article-title":"The Effect of Fluoroethylene Carbonate as an Additive on the SolidElectrolyte Interphase on Silicon Lithium-Ion Electrodes","volume":"27","author":"Schroder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.7b00163","article-title":"Fluoroethylene Carbonate as an Important Component for the Formation of an Effective Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Anodes and Cathodes for Advanced Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Markevich","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/2\/302\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:14:57Z","timestamp":1760159697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/2\/302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano11020302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano11020302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]}}}