{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:40:18Z","timestamp":1783960818310,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018932","name":"Fachhochschule Bielefeld","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["funds for female students in STEM fields fields of study"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["funds for female students in STEM fields fields of study"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018932","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018932","name":"Fachhochschule Bielefeld","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open Access Publication Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Access Publication Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018932","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Combining clusters of magnetic materials with a matrix of other magnetic materials is very interesting for basic research because new, possibly technologically applicable magnetic properties or magnetization reversal processes may be found. Here we report on different arrays combining iron and nickel, for example, by surrounding circular nanodots of one material with a matrix of the other or by combining iron and nickel nanodots in air. Micromagnetic simulations were performed using the OOMMF (Object Oriented MicroMagnetic Framework). Our results show that magnetization reversal processes are strongly influenced by neighboring nanodots and the magnetic matrix by which the nanodots are surrounded, respectively, which becomes macroscopically visible by several steps along the slopes of the hysteresis loops. Such material combinations allow for preparing quaternary memory systems, and are thus highly relevant for applications in data storage and processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T05:16:28Z","timestamp":1612156588000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Micromagnetic Simulations of Fe and Ni Nanodot Arrays Surrounded by Magnetic or Non-Magnetic Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Devika","family":"Sudsom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0695-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ehrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.08.004","article-title":"Exchange bias in nanostructures","volume":"422","author":"Sort","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokin, N., Grothe, T., Mamun, A., Trabelsi, M., Kl\u00f6cker, M., Sabantina, L., D\u00f6pke, C., Blachowicz, T., H\u00fctten, A., and Ehrmann, A. (2020). Magnetic properties of electrospun magnetic nanofiber mats after stabilization and carbonization. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071552"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075302","article-title":"Direct Observation of Internal Spin Structure of Magnetic Vortex Cores","volume":"298","author":"Wachowiak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104319","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2364599","article-title":"Vortex state and effect of anisotropy in sub-100-nm magnetic nanodots","volume":"100","author":"Altbir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2174115","article-title":"Vortex rotation control in Permalloy disks with small circular voids","volume":"99","author":"Vavassori","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014414","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.81.014414","article-title":"Topological gauge field in nanomagnets: Spin-wave excitations over a slowly moving magnetization background","volume":"81","author":"Guslienko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10751-018-1523-1","article-title":"Systematic study of magnetization reversal in square Fe nanodots of varying dimensions in different orientations","volume":"239","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2018.12.031","article-title":"Vortex and double-vortex nucleation during magnetization reversal in Fe nanodots of different dimensions","volume":"475","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485708","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/abb109","article-title":"Enhancement the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of nanopatterned hard\/soft bilayer magnetic antidot arrays for spintronic applications","volume":"31","author":"Salaheldeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064429","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.101.064429","article-title":"Helicity of magnetic vortices and skyrmions in soft ferromagnetic nanodots and films biased by stray radial fields","volume":"101","author":"Verba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2019.2961989","article-title":"Magnetically induced enhanced exchange spring effect in CoFe2O4\/CoFe2\/CoFe2O4 films","volume":"56","author":"Negusse","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12193","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.58.12193","article-title":"Exchange-spring behavior in epitaxial hard\/soft magnetic bilayers","volume":"58","author":"Fullerton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(99)00376-5","article-title":"Hard\/soft magnetic heterostructures: Model exchange-spring magnets","volume":"200","author":"Fullerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/1993\/T49A\/055","article-title":"New magnets from interstitial intermetallics","volume":"T49","author":"Coey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1109\/20.281077","article-title":"Nucleation field and energy product of aligned two-phase magnets\u2014progress towards the \u20181 MJ\/m\u00b3\u2019 magnet","volume":"29","author":"Skomski","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1063\/1.127048","article-title":"Engineering coercivity in epitaxially grown (110) films of DyFe2-YFe2 superlattices","volume":"77","author":"Sawicki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s43207-020-00040-1","article-title":"Fabrication of the novel Fe2+\u03b1O3+\u03b1-CoFe2O4 composite fibers and their magnetic properties","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.03.010","article-title":"Mechanism of enhanced magnetization in CoFe2O4\/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 composites with different mass ratios","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudsom, D., Juh\u00e1sz Junger, I., D\u00f6pke, C., Blachowicz, T., Hahn, L., and Ehrmann, A. (2020). Micromagnetic Simulation of Vortex Development in Magnetic Bi-Material Bow-Tie Structures. Cond. Matter, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/condmat5010005"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2020.167294","article-title":"Vortex nucleation and propagation in magnetic double-wedges and semi-squares for reliable quaternary storage systems","volume":"514","author":"Sudsom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudsom, D., and Ehrmann, A. (2020, January 15\u201330). Micromagnetic simulations of magnetic particles embedded in magnetic or non-magnetic matrices. Presented at the 2nd International Online\u2014Conference on Nanomaterials.","DOI":"10.3390\/IOCN2020-07940"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donahue, M.J., and Porter, D.G. (1999). OOMMF User\u2019s Guide, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Version 1.0; Interagency Report NISTIR 6376.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.6376"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2004.836740","article-title":"A phenomenological theory of damping in ferromagnetic materials","volume":"40","author":"Gilbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.137.395","article-title":"Magnetization reversal in hexagonal nanomagnets","volume":"137","author":"Xuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Act. Phys. Pol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.86.104405","article-title":"Calculation of high-frequency permeability of magnonic metamaterials beyond the macrospin approximation","volume":"86","author":"Dmytriiev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073910","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3702876","article-title":"Design and micromagnetic simulation of the L10-FePt\/Fe multilayer graded film","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08Q701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2151800","article-title":"Micromagnetic simulations of the magnetization precession induced by a spin-polarized current in a point-contact geometry (Invited)","volume":"99","author":"Berkov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2807276","article-title":"Temperature induced single domain-vortex state transition in sub-100 nm Fe nanodots","volume":"91","author":"Dumas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.75.134405","article-title":"Magnetic fingerprints of sub-100 nm Fe dots","volume":"75","author":"Dumas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2008.29.11.2169","article-title":"Electrodeposited nickel nanodots array on the silicon wafer","volume":"29","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-009-5487-5","article-title":"Fabrication of Ni nanodots template by nanoporous polysulfone membrane: Structural and magnetic properties","volume":"98","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2011.2160190","article-title":"Effect of size and configuration on the magnetization of nickel dot arrays","volume":"47","author":"Nasirpouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/2\/349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:18:04Z","timestamp":1760159884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/2\/349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano11020349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano11020349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}