{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:14:55Z","timestamp":1767834895196,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SERB-DST, New Delhi, India","award":["ECR\/2015\/000264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR\/2015\/000264"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ramalingaswami reentry fellowship (BT\/RLF\/Re-entry\/27\/2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ramalingaswami reentry fellowship (BT\/RLF\/Re-entry\/27\/2018)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transdermal immunization exhibits poor immunogenic responses due to poor permeability of antigens through the skin. Elastic liposomes, the ultradeformable nanoscale lipid vesicles, overcome the permeability issues and prove a versatile nanocarrier for transcutaneous delivery of protein, peptide, and nucleic acid antigens. Elastic liposome-mediated subcutaneous delivery of chimeric fusion protein (PfMSP-Fu24) of Plasmodium falciparum exhibited improved immunogenic responses. Elastic liposomes-mediated immunization of PfMSP-Fu24 conferred immunity to the asexual blood-stage infection. Present study is an attempt to compare the protective immune response mounted by the PfMSP-Fu24 upon administered through transdermal and intramuscular routes. Humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response elicited by topical and intramuscularly administered PfMSP-Fu24-laden elastic liposomes (EL-PfMSP-Fu24) were compared and normalized with the vehicle control. Sizeable immune responses were seen with the transcutaneously immunized EL-PfMSP-Fu24 and compared with those elicited with intramuscularly administered antigen. Our results show significant IgG isotype subclass (IgG1and IgG3) response of specific antibody levels as well as cell-mediated immunity (CMI) activating factor (IFN-\u03b3), a crucial player in conferring resistance to blood-stage malaria in mice receiving EL-PfMSP-Fu24 through transdermal route as compared to the intramuscularly administered formulation. Heightened immune response obtained by the vaccination of EL-PfMSP-Fu24 was complemented by the quantification of the transcript (mRNA) levels cell-mediated (IFN-\u03b3, IL-4), and regulatory immune response (IL-10) in the lymph nodes and spleen. Collectively, elastic liposomes prove their immune-adjuvant property as they evoke sizeable and perdurable immune response against PfMSP-Fu24 and justify its potential for the improved vaccine delivery to inducing both humoral and CM immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1612514028000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Transdermal Immunization of Elastic Liposome-Laden Recombinant Chimeric Fusion Protein of P. falciparum (PfMSP-Fu24) Mounts Protective Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0214-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh","family":"Chaudhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikunj","family":"Tandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab., CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushmita","family":"Negi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab., CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilal","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arzu","family":"Rupareliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi PN","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BERPDC Department, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarat K.","family":"Dalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2514-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeev K.","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab., CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00135","article-title":"Induction of Plasmodium-specific immune responses using liposome-based vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Ssemaganda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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