{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:35:15Z","timestamp":1777527315703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The current chemotherapy agents against various forms of leishmaniasis have some problems and side effects, including high toxicity, high cost, and the emergence of resistant strains. Here, we aimed to review the preclinical studies (in vitro and in vivo) on the anti-leishmanial activity of chitosan and chitosan-based particles against Leishmania spp. Methods: This study was conducted based on the 06-PRISMA guidelines and registered in the CAMARADES-NC3Rs Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Facility (SyRF) database. Various English databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were used to find the publications related to the anti-leishmanial effects of chitosan and its derivatives and other pharmaceutical formulations, without a date limitation, to find all the published articles. The keywords included \u201cchitosan\u201d, \u201cchitosan nanoparticles\u201d, \u201canti-leishmanial\u201d, \u201cLeishmania\u201d, \u201cleishmaniasis\u201d, \u201ccutaneous leishmaniasis\u201d, \u201cvisceral leishmaniasis\u201d, \u201cin vitro\u201d, and \u201cin vivo\u201d. The language for data collection were limited to English. Results: Of 2669 papers, 25 papers, including 7 in vitro (28.0%), 7 in vivo (28.0%), and 11 in vitro\/in vivo (44.0%) studies conducted up to 2020 met the inclusion criteria for discussion in this systematic review. The most common species of Leishmania used in these studies were L. major (12, 48.0%), L. donovani (7, 28.0%), and L. amazonensis (4, 16.80%). In vivo, the most used animals were BALB\/c mice (11, 61.1%) followed by hamsters (6, 33.3%) and Wistar rats (1, 5.5%), respectively. In vitro, the most used Leishmania form was amastigote (8, 44.4%), followed by promastigote (4, 22.2%), and both forms promastigote\/amastigote (6, 33.3%). Conclusion: According to the literature, different types of drugs based on chitosan and their derivatives demonstrated considerable in vitro and in vivo anti-leishmanial activity against various Leishmania spp. Based on the findings of this review study, chitosan and its derivatives could be considered as an alternative and complementary source of valuable components against leishmaniasis with a high safety index. Nevertheless, more investigations are required to elaborate on this result, mainly in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11030689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T20:51:42Z","timestamp":1615409502000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials as Valuable Sources of Anti-Leishmanial Agents: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hamdan I.","family":"AlMohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Khudair Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Thiqar, Thiqar 0096442, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aishah","family":"E. Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47912, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4862-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah D.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, Alghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Science, Tabuk 47913, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parastoo","family":"Baharvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mahmoudvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11120.1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: A review","volume":"6","author":"Arenas","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., den Boer, M., and WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team (2012). 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