{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:51:35Z","timestamp":1784875895784,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Saint Louis University Presidents Research Fund (PRF)","award":["230262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["230262"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel and advanced approach of growing zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) directly on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene (Gr) surfaces has been demonstrated through the successful formation of 1D\u20131D and 1D\u20132D heterostructure interfaces. The direct two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was utilized to ensure high-quality materials\u2019 synthesis and scalable production of different architectures. Iron-based universal compound molecular ink was used as a catalyst in both processes (a) to form a monolayer of horizontally defined networks of SWCNTs interfaced with vertically oriented ZnO NWs and (b) to grow densely packed ZnO NWs directly on a graphene surface. We show here that our universal compound molecular ink is efficient and selective in the direct synthesis of ZnO NWs\/CNTs and ZnO NWs\/Gr heterostructures. Heterostructures were also selectively patterned through different fabrication techniques and grown in predefined locations, demonstrating an ability to control materials\u2019 placement and morphology. Several characterization tools were employed to interrogate the prepared heterostructures. ZnO NWs were shown to grow uniformly over the network of SWCNTs, and much denser packed vertically oriented ZnO NWs were produced on graphene thin films. Such heterostructures can be used widely in many potential applications, such as photocatalysts, supercapacitors, solar cells, piezoelectric or thermal actuators, as well as chemical or biological sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T23:28:30Z","timestamp":1626391710000},"page":"1836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Controlled Fabrication of Quality ZnO NWs\/CNTs and ZnO NWs\/Gr Heterostructures via Direct Two-Step CVD Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Schaper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dheyaa","family":"Alameri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoosuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"},{"name":"Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6343-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralu","family":"Divan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2674-1379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Gosztola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Kuljanishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(04)00627-3","article-title":"Nanometerials\u2014The Driving Force","volume":"7","author":"Pitkethly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. 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