{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:05:35Z","timestamp":1790895935881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spartina alterniflora is an invasive plant from coastal wetlands, and its use in applications has garnered much interest. In this study, a composite photocatalyst (ZnO@BC) was synthesized by preparing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with S. alterniflora extracts, S. alterniflora, and one-step carbonization, which was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV\u2013vis DRS), photoluminescence (PL) and N2 adsorption\u2013desorption isotherm. The degradation capacity and mechanism of malachite green (MG) using ZnO@BC were analyzed under visible irradiation, and the degradation products of malachite green were detected by LC\u2013MS. The results show that ZnO@BC has a larger surface area (83.2 m2\/g) and various reactive groups, which enhance its photocatalytic efficiency, with the presence of oxygen vacancy further improving the photocatalytic activity. The total removal rate of malachite green (400 mg\/L) using ZnO@BC is up to 98.38%. From the LC\u2013MS analysis, it could be concluded that malachite green is degraded by demethylation, deamination, conjugate structure and benzene ring structure destruction. This study provides a novel idea for the high-value utilization of S. alterniflora.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1632443433000},"page":"2479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Loaded on Biochar Derived from Spartina alterniflora with Superior Photocatalytic Degradation Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Facilities Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Facilities Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Lichen New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Medical, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Facilities Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Facilities Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donghai Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Facilities Aquaculture Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100295","article-title":"Chitosan stabilized Fe\/Ni bimetallic nanoparticles for the removal of cationic and anionic triphenylmethane dyes from water","volume":"14","author":"Anju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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