{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:31:35Z","timestamp":1771331495936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["760813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ 031L0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 031L0020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in food has fueled the development of intestinal in vitro models for toxicity testing. However, ENM effects on intestinal mucus have barely been addressed, although its crucial role for intestinal health is evident. We investigated the effects of ENM on mucin expression and aimed to evaluate the suitability of four in vitro models of increasing complexity compared to a mouse model exposed through feed pellets. We assessed the gene expression of the mucins MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC13 and MUC20 and the chemokine interleukin-8 in pre-confluent and confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells, in stable and inflamed triple cultures of Caco-2, HT29-MTX-E12 and THP-1 cells, and in the ileum of mice following exposure to TiO2, Ag, CeO2 or SiO2. All ENM had shared and specific effects. CeO2 downregulated MUC1 in confluent E12 cells and in mice. Ag induced downregulation of Muc2 in mice. Overall, the in vivo data were consistent with the findings in the stable triple cultures and the confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells but not in pre-confluent cells, indicating the higher relevance of advanced models for hazard assessment. The effects on MUC1 and MUC2 suggest that specific ENM may lead to an elevated susceptibility towards intestinal infections and inflammations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1633728235000},"page":"2621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ingested Engineered Nanomaterials Affect the Expression of Mucin Genes\u2014An In Vitro-In Vivo Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3268-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit","family":"Bredeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Research, IUF\u2014Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela A. M.","family":"K\u00e4mpfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Research, IUF\u2014Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Sofranko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Research, IUF\u2014Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Wahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Research, IUF\u2014Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Research, IUF\u2014Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catrin","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Research, IUF\u2014Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5881-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel P. F.","family":"Schins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Particle Research, IUF\u2014Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.6.181","article-title":"Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory","volume":"6","author":"Vance","year":"2015","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). FAO\/WHO Expert Meeting on the Application of Nanotechnologies in the Food and Agriculture Sectors: Potential Food Safety Implications: Meeting Report. 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