{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T16:52:01Z","timestamp":1786553521136,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["2461\/70\/17 Jan 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2461\/70\/17 Jan 2020"]}]},{"name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["1033\/62\/13 Jan 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1033\/62\/13 Jan 2021"]}]},{"name":"Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-0844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-0844"]}]},{"name":"Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-0997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-0997"]}]},{"name":"Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3373"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding of how the human organism functions has preoccupied researchers in medicine for a very long time. While most of the mechanisms are well understood and detailed thoroughly, medicine has yet much to discover. Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) are elements on which organisms, ranging from simple bacteria all the way to complex ones such as mammals, rely on these divalent ions. Compounded by the continuously evolving biotechnologies, these ions are still relevant today. This review article aims at recapping the mechanisms involved in Fe, Cu, and Zn homeostasis. By applying the knowledge and expanding on future research areas, this article aims to shine new light of existing illness. Thanks to the expanding field of nanotechnology, genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis and thalassemia can be managed today. Nanoparticles (NPs) improve delivery of ions and confer targeting capabilities, with the potential for use in treatment and diagnosis. Iron deficiency, cancer, and sepsis are persisting major issues. While targeted delivery using Fe NPs can be used as food fortifiers, chemotherapeutic agents against cancer cells and microbes have been developed using both Fe and Cu NPs. A fast and accurate means of diagnosis is a major impacting factor on outcome of patients, especially when critically ill. Good quality imaging and bed side diagnostic tools are possible using NPs, which may positively impact outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11112958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1636017092000},"page":"2958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Szabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Bodolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Municipal Clinical Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0344-7","article-title":"Iron and copper in male reproduction: A double-edged sword","volume":"32","author":"Tvrda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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