{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:17:26Z","timestamp":1768432646003,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation of Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou) of UESTC, China","award":["Nos. U03210057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. U03210057"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["TURSP-2020\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/03"]}]},{"name":"Funding of King Khalid University","award":["KKU\/RCAMS\/006\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KKU\/RCAMS\/006\/21"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of higher education, Malaysia (MOHE) under PRGS grants, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM).","award":["PRGS\/1\/2021\/STG04\/UITM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRGS\/1\/2021\/STG04\/UITM\/02\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained great significance for generating solar fuel; the challenging charge separation process and sluggish surface catalytic reactions significantly restrict the progress of solar energy conversion using a semiconductor photocatalyst. Herein, we propose a novel and feasible strategy to incorporate dihydroxy benzene (DHB) as a conjugated monomer within the framework of urea containing CN (CNU-DHBx) to tune the electronic conductivity and charge separation due to the aromaticity of the benzene ring, which acts as an electron-donating species. Systematic characterizations such as SPV, PL, XPS, DRS, and TRPL demonstrated that the incorporation of the DHB monomer greatly enhanced the photocatalytic CO2 reduction of CN due to the enhanced charge separation and modulation of the ionic mobility. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity of CNU\u2013DHB15.0 in comparison with parental CN was 85 \u00b5mol\/h for CO and 19.92 \u00b5mol\/h of the H2 source. It can be attributed to the electron\u2013hole pair separation and enhance the optical adsorption due to the presence of DHB. Furthermore, this remarkable modification affected the chemical composition, bandgap, and surface area, encouraging the controlled detachment of light-produced photons and making it the ideal choice for CO2 photoreduction. Our research findings potentially offer a solution for tuning complex charge separation and catalytic reactions in photocatalysis that could practically lead to the generation of artificial photocatalysts for efficient solar energy into chemical energy conversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"3245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Nanostructure Engineering via Intramolecular Construction of Carbon Nitride as Efficient Photocatalyst for CO2 Reduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sohail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Altalhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Sehemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taha","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karam","family":"S. El-Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Al-Gurayyat 77447, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5409-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Ghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahnoor","family":"Boukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arkom","family":"Palamanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0949-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"A. Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Nawawi Bin Wan Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Arau Perlis 02600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2578","article-title":"Artificial photosynthesis: Solar to fuel","volume":"8","author":"Listorti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hori, Y. (2008). 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