{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:00:25Z","timestamp":1780095625226,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC2177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vlaams Agentschap voor Innovatie en Ontwikkeling","award":["HBC.2018.2111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBC.2018.2111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galinstan, a liquid metal at room temperature, is a promising material for use in flexible electronics. Since it has been successfully integrated in devices for external use, e.g., as stretchable electronic skin in tactile sensation, the possibility of using galinstan for flexible implant technology comes to mind. Usage of liquid metals in a flexible implant would reduce the risk of broken conductive pathways in the implants and therefore reduce the possibility of implant failure. However, the biocompatibility of the liquid metal under study, i.e., galinstan, has not been proven in state-of-the-art literature. Therefore, in this paper, a material combination of galinstan and silicone rubber is under investigation regarding the success of sterilization methods and to establish biocompatibility testing for an in vivo application. First cell biocompatibility tests (WST-1 assays) and cell toxicity tests (LDH assays) show promising results regarding biocompatibility. This work paves the way towards the successful integration of stretchable devices using liquid metals embedded in a silicone rubber encapsulant for flexible surface electro-cortical grid arrays and other flexible implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"3251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Biocompatibility Testing of Liquid Metal as an Interconnection Material for Flexible Implant Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Foremny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ORL Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Nagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"IMEC vzw, Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Kreienmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ORL Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodor","family":"Doll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ORL Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8982-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Deferme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"IMEC vzw, Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.05.052","article-title":"Toward a comparison of microelectrodes for acute and chronic recordings","volume":"1282","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22051-z","article-title":"New thin-film surface electrode array enables brain mapping with high spatial acuity in rodents","volume":"8","author":"Konerding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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