{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:24:41Z","timestamp":1783160681675,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R.G.P.1\/355\/42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P.1\/355\/42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) and nanohydroxyapatite (NHAP) were prepared in the presence of date palm pits extract (DPPE) and eggshells, respectively. Another four nanocomposites were prepared from ZnO and NHAP in different ratios (ZP13, ZP14, ZP15, and ZP16). DPPE and all nanomaterials were characterized using GC-MS, zeta potentials, particle size distributions, XRD, TEM, EDX, FTIR, and pHPZC. The characterization techniques confirmed the good distribution of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of NHAP in the prepared composites. Particles were found to be in the size range of 42.3\u201366.1 nm. The DPPE analysis confirmed the presence of various natural chemical compounds which act as capping agents for nanoparticles. All the prepared samples were applied in the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under different conditions. ZP14 exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity (596.1 mg\/g) at pH 8, with 1.8 g\/L as the adsorbent dosage, after 24 h of shaking time, and the static adsorption kinetic process followed a PSO kinetic model. The photocatalytic activity of ZP14 reached 91% after 100 min of illumination at a lower MB concentration (20 mg\/L), at pH 8, using 1.5 g\/L as the photocatalyst dosage, at 25 \u00b0C. The photocatalytic degradation of MB obeyed the Langmuir\u2013Hinshelwood first-order kinetic model, and the photocatalyst reusability exhibited a slight loss in activity (~4%) after five cycles of application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Green Synthesis of Nano Zinc Oxide\/Nanohydroxyapatite Composites Using Date Palm Pits Extract and Eggshells: Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maha S.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Date Palm Research and Development, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7947-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inas A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62224, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina M. D.","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62224, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asaad F.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.08.076","article-title":"A comparative adsorption study with different industrial wastes as adsorbents for the removal of cationic dyes from water","volume":"281","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Biosorptive capacity of yam peels waste for the removal of dye from aqueous solutions","volume":"3","author":"Owamah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Civ. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.04.066","article-title":"Influence of auxochrome group in disperse dyes bearing azo groups as chromophore center in the biotransformation and molecular docking prediction by reductase enzyme: Implications and assessment for environmental toxicity of xenobiotics","volume":"160","author":"Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.22438\/jeb\/39\/4\/MRN-681","article-title":"Heavy metal investigation and risk assessment along the Le\u2019An River from non-ferrous metal mining and smelting activities in Poyang, China","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.10.007","article-title":"Adsorption thermodynamics of cationic dyes (methylene blue and crystal violet) to a natural clay mineral from aqueous solution between 293.15 and 323.15 K","volume":"11","author":"Omer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.123236","article-title":"Chitosan\/montmorillonite composites for fast removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions","volume":"254","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.03.006","article-title":"Degradation of organic pollutants by bio-inspired rectangular and hexagonal titanium dioxide nanostructures","volume":"169","author":"Sreekanth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2019.100233","article-title":"Review on recent advances of carbon based adsorbent for methylene blue removal from waste water","volume":"16","author":"Santoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2020.100555","article-title":"Remediation of industrial dye by Fenton-activated biogenic waste","volume":"20","author":"Nwanji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7208(01)00056-0","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons\u2014A comparative study","volume":"51","author":"Kannan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dye Pigment"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10459","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC02620B","article-title":"Hazardous o-toluidine mineralization by photocatalytic bismuth doped ZnO slurries","volume":"51","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.01.003","article-title":"The greener synthesis of nanoparticles","volume":"31","author":"Kharissova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.131129","article-title":"Green synthesis of Nb-doped ZnO nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic under visible light","volume":"308","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0499-8","article-title":"Osteoinduction and proliferation of bone-marrow stromal cells in three-dimensional poly (\u03b5-caprolactone)\/hydroxyapatite\/collagen scaffolds","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Porous ZnO\/hydroxyapatite nanomaterials with effective photocatalytic and antibacterial activities for the degradation of antibiotics","volume":"7","author":"Labrag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.12.014","article-title":"Fabrication of chemically modified graphene oxide\/nano hydroxyapatite composite for adsorption and subsequent photocatalytic degradation of aureomycine hydrochloride","volume":"47","author":"Anirudhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.094","article-title":"Chitosan\/nanohydroxyapatite composite based scallop shells as an efficient adsorbent for mercuric ions: Static and dynamic adsorption studies","volume":"109","author":"Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20130","article-title":"Date palm fibers as polymeric matrix reinforcement: DPF\/polyester composite properties","volume":"26","author":"Hammami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2020.26306","article-title":"Enhanced adsorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous medium by basic nanohydroxyapatite\/chitosan composite based on egg shell","volume":"206","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.05.045","article-title":"Enhancement of aptamer immobilization using egg shell-derived nano-sized spherical hydroxyapatite for thrombin detection in neuroclinic","volume":"158","author":"Derkus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, A.F., and Hrdina, R. (2021). Enhanced removal of arsenic from aqueous medium by modified silica nanospheres: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05357-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.01.003","article-title":"Production of activated carbons from waste carpets and its application in methylene blue adsorption: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-019-3244-z","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Using Yeast Extract as Reducing and Capping Agents","volume":"15","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"235","article-title":"Concepts for the stabilization of metal nanoparticles in ionic liquids","volume":"9","author":"Kraynov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Ion. Liq. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2011.08.003","article-title":"Zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials for advanced electrochemical energy devices","volume":"57","author":"Tiwari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15897","DOI":"10.1021\/jp910800m","article-title":"Vibrational Circular Dichroism of Adsorbed Molecules: BINAS on Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"114","author":"Cyrille","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"122","article-title":"Homogeneous chemical precipitation route to ZnO nanosphericals","volume":"7","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assam Univ. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-yield chemical synthesis of hexagonal ZnO nanoparticles and nanorods with excellent optical properties","volume":"11","author":"Giri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2013.10.008","article-title":"Development of nano-hydroxyapatite\/chitosan composite for cadmium ions removal in wastewater treatment","volume":"45","author":"Salah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"125","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of Pb2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ by hydroxyapatite\/chitosan composite from aqueous solution","volume":"43","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"172","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles on disaccharide templates","volume":"1","author":"Anilreddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Res. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2020.102991","article-title":"Using polyacrylamide to control particle size and synthesize porous nano hydroxyapatite","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-017-1911-5","article-title":"Structural, and adsorption properties and thermal stability of nanohydroxyapatite\/polysaccharide composites","volume":"12","author":"Skwarek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.03.016","article-title":"Sonochemical synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of hydroxyapatite nano-rods derived from mussel shells","volume":"196","author":"Edralin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ixora Coccinea Leaf Extract\u2014A Green Approach","volume":"5","author":"Snehal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open J. Synth. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3906\/kim-1507-77","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of ZnO\/MMT nanocomposite for photocatalytic ozonation of a disperse dye","volume":"40","author":"Khataee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24099","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05581-5","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon nano-onion embedded metal-organic frameworks as an efficient adsorbent for cadmium ions: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies","volume":"26","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05295-y","article-title":"Preparation of melamine formaldehyde\/nanozeolite Y composite based on nanosilica extracted from rice husks by sol-gel method: Adsorption of lead (II) ion","volume":"95","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.10.104","article-title":"Comparative study of calcium alginate, activated carbon, and their composite beads on methylene blue adsorption","volume":"102","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.10.010","article-title":"Real time determination of kinetics of adsorption of lead(II) onto palm shell-based activated carbon using ion selective electrode","volume":"99","author":"Aroua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/0263617419827438","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using coal fly ash-derivedmesoporous silica material","volume":"37","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.04.036","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) using immobilized TiO2 and UV illumination in a horizontal circulating bed photocatalytic reactor (HCBPR)","volume":"169","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-4284-0","article-title":"Influence of pH on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"27","author":"Kazeminezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8445","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2014.17908","article-title":"Effect of pH on Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Efficiency of Different Catalysts on Removal of Methylene Blue","volume":"26","author":"Alkaim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2010.04.005","article-title":"Photo-degradation of methylene blue using Ta-doped ZnO nanoparticle","volume":"183","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2017.03.026","article-title":"Adsorption and photocatalytic detoxification of diazinon using iron and nanotitania modified activated carbons","volume":"75","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2012.10.064","article-title":"Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and flower-like nanostructures using nonsono-and sono-electrooxidation methods","volume":"92","author":"Kazeminezhad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-021-01988-1","article-title":"Green synthesis, structural characterization and photocatalytic activities of Chitosan-ZnO Nano-composite","volume":"31","author":"Elemike","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirikaram, N., P\u00e9rez-Molina, \u00c1., Morales-Torres, S., Salemi, A., Maldonado-H\u00f3dar, F.J., and Pastrana-Mart\u00ednez, L.M. (2021). Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO-Graphene Oxide Composites towards the Degradation of Vanillic Acid under Solar Radiation and Visible-LED. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061576"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2014.07.018","article-title":"Functional and eco-friendly nanocomposite kaolinite\/ZnO with high photocatalytic activity","volume":"162","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2012.664698","article-title":"Degradation of wastewaters containing organic dyes photocatalysed by zinc oxide: A review","volume":"41","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2012.03.015","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity of AgI sensitized ZnO nanoparticles under visible light irradiation","volume":"224","author":"Vignesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6492","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA06891B","article-title":"Uniform core-shell structured magnetic mesoporous TiO2 nanospheres as a highly efficient and stable sonocatalyst for the degradation of bisphenol-A","volume":"3","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.08.008","article-title":"Effect of low Fe3+ doping on characteristics, sonocatalytic activity and reusability of TiO2 nanotubes catalysts for removal of Rhodamine B from water","volume":"235","author":"Pang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2010.08.016","article-title":"Effect of annealing temperature on the characteristics, sonocatalytic activity and reusability of nanotubes TiO2 in the degradation of Rhodamine B","volume":"100","author":"Pang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2010.10.020","article-title":"Raw halloysite as reusable heterogeneous catalyst for esterification of lauric acid","volume":"51","author":"Zatta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.22922","article-title":"Removal of methylene blue from water solution by modified nanogoethite by Cu","volume":"137","author":"Salimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.06.038","article-title":"Adsorption of methylene blue onto Fe3O4\/activated montmorillonite nanocomposite","volume":"119","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15761\/FNN.1000134","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation using In\/ZnO nanocomposite","volume":"2","author":"Baeissa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"339","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye by Nonconventional synthesized SnO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Tammina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.153410","article-title":"Enhanced photo Fenton-like activity by effective and stable Al-Sm M-hexaferrite heterogenous catalyst magnetically detachable for methylene blue degradation","volume":"821","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/1\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:53:11Z","timestamp":1760169191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/1\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12010049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12010049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]}}}