{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:41:29Z","timestamp":1788259289004,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]],"date-time":"2021-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["180119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most common fungal pathogens that can cause a diversity of diseases ranging from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and aspergilloma to allergic syndromes. In this study, we investigated the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized with Artemisia sieberi leaf extract (AS-AgNPs) against A. fumigatus in vitro and in vivo. The biosynthesized AS-AgNPs were characterized by imaging (transmission electron microscopy (TEM)), UV\u2212VIS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The microdilution method showed the antifungal activity of AS-AgNPs against A. fumigatus, with an MIC of 128 \u00b5g\/mL. AS-AgNPs significantly inhibited the growth of hyphae in all directions, as imaged by SEM. Additionally, TEM on biofilm revealed invaginations of the cell membrane, a change in the vacuolar system, and the presence of multilamellar bodies within vacuoles. Interestingly, AS-AgNPs displayed low cytotoxicity on the A549 human lung cell line in vitro. Treatment of an invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) mouse model with AS-AgNPs demonstrated the potency of AS-AgNPs to significantly reduce lung tissue damage and to suppress the elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-17 (IL-17). The therapeutic potential of AS-AgNPs was found to be due to their direct action to suppress the fungal burden and gliotoxin production in the lungs. In addition, AS-AgNPs reduced the oxidative stress in the lungs by increasing the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thus, our data indicate the biosynthesized AS-AgNPs as a novel antifungal alternative treatment against aspergillosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effective Inhibition of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis by Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized with Artemisia sieberi Leaf Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9794-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0324-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basem M.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00234-08","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus forms biofilms with reduced antifungal drug susceptibility on bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"52","author":"Seidler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1185ST","article-title":"Microbiological Laboratory Testing in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in Pulmonary and Critical Care Practice. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"200","author":"Hage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.001","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated candidemia over three decades","volume":"73","author":"Diekema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835fb920","article-title":"Pathogenesis of invasive fungal infections","volume":"26","author":"Viasus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_7","article-title":"Fungal Biofilms: Update on Resistance","volume":"931","author":"Borghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"52","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raffa, N., and Keller, N.P. (2019). A call to arms: Mustering secondary metabolites for success and survival of an opportunistic pathogen. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007606"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.02.005","article-title":"Resistance is not futile: Gliotoxin biosynthesis, functionality and utility","volume":"23","author":"Dolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.635-637.2005","article-title":"Detection of gliotoxin in experimental and human aspergillosis","volume":"73","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.05.046","article-title":"Bioinformatic and expression analysis of the putative gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"248","author":"Gardiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2014.12.005","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of gliotoxin on human lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Nouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perdoni, F., Signorelli, P., Cirasola, D., Caretti, A., Galimberti, V., Biggiogera, M., Gasco, P., Musicanti, C., Morace, G., and Borghi, E. (2015). Antifungal activity of Myriocin on clinically relevant Aspergillus fumigatus strains producing biofilm. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0588-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw444","article-title":"Executive Summary: Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"63","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ885","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Can We Retain the Clinical Use of Mold-Active Antifungal Azoles?","volume":"62","author":"Verweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00256102","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients","volume":"19","author":"Reichenberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90023-X","article-title":"NIAID Mycoses Study Group Multicenter Trial of Oral Itraconazole Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"97","author":"Denning","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky187","article-title":"Surveillance for azole resistance in clinical and environmental isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus in Australia and cyp51A homology modelling of azole-resistant isolates","volume":"73","author":"Talbot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2010005000021","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity and cytotoxic effect of essential oils and extracts of medicinal and aromatic plants against Candida krusei and Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"20","author":"Stashenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"88","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Indian Medicinal Plants Against Human Pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger","volume":"3","author":"Bansod","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahab, M.A., Luming, L., Matin, M.A., Karim, M.R., Aijaz, M.O., Alharbi, H.F., Abdala, A., and Haque, R. (2021). Silver Micro-Nanoparticle-Based Nanoarchitectures: Synthesis Routes, Biomedical Applications, and Mechanisms of Action. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172870"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1792-8","article-title":"The progress of silver nanoparticles in the antibacterial mechanism, clinical application and cytotoxicity","volume":"39","author":"You","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.18869\/modares.iem.2.3.20","article-title":"Susceptibility Evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus to Silver Nanoparticles Compared with Voriconazole","volume":"2","author":"Bashardoust","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Epidemiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-Buitimea, A., Garza-Cervantes, J.A., Gallegos-Alvarado, D.Y., Osorio-Concepci\u00f3n, M., and Morones-Ram\u00edrez, J.R. (2021). Nanomaterial-Based Antifungal Therapies to Combat Fungal Diseases Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Mucormycosis, and Candidiasis. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101303"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.101","article-title":"Antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles against indoor mould growth","volume":"521\u2013522","author":"Ogar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, E.M., and Abdallah, B.M. (2020). Effective Inhibition of Candidiasis Using an Eco-Friendly Leaf Extract of Calotropis-gigantean-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10030422"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06009","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Lotus lalambensis Aqueous Leaf Extract and Their Anti-Candidal Activity against Oral Candidiasis","volume":"6","author":"Abdallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.03.036","article-title":"Artemisia sieberi Besser essential oil and treatment of fungal infections","volume":"89","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2015.02.042","article-title":"The antifungal activity of Artemisia sieberi essential oil from different localities of Iran against dermatophyte fungi","volume":"25","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. De Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2006.02.002","article-title":"Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Besser against three stored-product insects. Journal of Stored Product Research","volume":"43","author":"Negahban","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"596","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Teucrium polium L., Artemisia sieberi Besser. and Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood (in vitro and under greenhouse conditions)","volume":"2","author":"Ardakani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"727032","article-title":"Antimalarial Effects of Iranian Flora Artemisia sieberi on Plasmodium berghei In Vivo in Mice and Phytochemistry Analysis of Its Herbal Extracts","volume":"2012","author":"Nahrevanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-006-4390-8","article-title":"Determination of artemisinin in Artemisia sieberi and anticoccidial effects of the plant extract in broiler chickens","volume":"38","author":"Arab","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v11i3.22","article-title":"Antifungal and antihepatotoxic effects of sepia ink extract against oxidative stress as a risk factor of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic mice","volume":"11","author":"Fahmy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.2.229","article-title":"A comparative study of the in vitro susceptibilities of clinical and laboratory-selected resistant isolates of Aspergillus spp. to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole (SCH 56592)","volume":"46","author":"Manavathu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00686-11","article-title":"Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B and Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI broth microdilution method (M38-A2 document)","volume":"55","author":"Fothergill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02159.x","article-title":"Enhanced activity of strobilurin and fludioxonil by using berberine and phenolic compounds to target fungal antioxidative stress response","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500057403","article-title":"Electron microscopic findings for micafungin-treated experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in mice","volume":"43","author":"Nakai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02130.x","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their small diffusible extracellular molecules inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation","volume":"313","author":"Mowat","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez, A.I., Ram\u00edrez-Granillo, A., Medina-Canales, M.G., Rodr\u00edguez-Tovar, A.V., and Mart\u00ednez-Rivera, M.A. (2016). Analysis and description of the stages of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation using scanning electron microscopy. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0859-4"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-019-0091-3","article-title":"A simple and reliable protocol for long-term culture of murine bone marrow stromal (mesenchymal) stem cells that retained their in vitro and in vivo stemness in long-term culture","volume":"21","author":"Abdallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Proced. Online"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0544-7","article-title":"5\u2032-hydroxy Auraptene stimulates osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via a BMP-dependent mechanism","volume":"26","author":"Abdallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Pathogenicity of various species of Candida in mice immunodepressed with cyclophosphamide","volume":"60","author":"Sbaraglia","year":"1984","journal-title":"Boll. Della Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobaz.2014.08.001","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Sepia ink extract against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in mice","volume":"67","author":"Fahmy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Zool."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00213","article-title":"Exposure to Silver Nanospheres Leads to Altered Respiratory Mechanics and Delayed Immune Response in an in Vivo Murine Model","volume":"9","author":"Botelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1080\/00021369.1974.10861301","article-title":"Catalase Activities of Hydrocarbon-utilizing Candida Yeasts","volume":"38","author":"Teranishi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63504-5","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)","volume":"244","author":"McCord","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.06.005","article-title":"Cinnamon zeylanicum bark extract and powder mediated green synthesis of nano-crystalline silver particles and its bactericidal activity","volume":"73","author":"Sathishkumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.001524","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of surface plasmon interaction with silver nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Stepanov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.11.006","article-title":"Techniques for physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1620757","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of synthesized silver nanoparticles by green route method from Zingiber zerumbet on mycoplasmal pneumonia in experimental mice","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Momordica charantia leaf extract: Characterization and their antimicrobial activities","volume":"4","author":"David","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nat Prod Plant Resour"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-009-9602-5","article-title":"Process variables in biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves","volume":"12","author":"Tripathy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1021\/bm9006979","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated by TEMPO-mediated oxidized bacterial cellulose nanofibers","volume":"10","author":"Ifuku","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S210449","article-title":"Anticandidal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: Effect on growth, cell morphology, and key virulence attributes of Candida species","volume":"14","author":"Jalal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201700529","article-title":"Green synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrating enhanced in vitro and in vivo antibiofilm activity against Candida spp.","volume":"58","author":"Muthamil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2016.06.004","article-title":"Phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles, optimization and evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity against human and plant pathogens","volume":"192","author":"Balashanmugam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-014-0387-1","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aloe vera leaf extract and antifungal activity against Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp.","volume":"5","author":"Medda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.H., Vo, T.N.N., Nguyen, N.T., Ching, Y.C., and Hoang Thi, T.T. (2020). Comparison of biogenic silver nanoparticles formed by Momordica charantia and Psidium guajava leaf extract and antifungal evaluation. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239360"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2017.04.003","article-title":"Overview of Treatment Approaches for Fungal Infections","volume":"38","author":"Carmona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, E.R., and Thompson, G.R. (2016). Treatment of Primary Pulmonary Aspergillosis: An Assessment of the Evidence. J. Fungi, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2030025"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.3.608","article-title":"Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis","volume":"23","author":"Denning","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.11.069","article-title":"Nanoparticle vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2013.811517","article-title":"Bioactive and Fragrant Constituents of Artemisia sieberi Besser Grown on Two Different Soil Types in Central Iran","volume":"44","author":"Bidgoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1021\/np050074u","article-title":"Antifungal activity of artemisinin derivatives","volume":"68","author":"Galal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12188","article-title":"Treatment of dermatophytosis by a new antifungal agent \u2018apigenin\u2019","volume":"57","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, M., Kannan, A., Stojkovi\u0107, D.S., Glamo\u010dlija, J., Calhelha, R.C., Ferreira, I., Sanglard, D., and Sokovi\u0107, M. (2020). Flavones, Flavonols, and Glycosylated Derivatives-Impact on Candida albicans Growth and Virulence, Expression of CDR1 and ERG11, Cytotoxicity. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14010027"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100370","article-title":"Anti-fungal activity of some native essential oils against emerging multi-drug resistant human nondermatophytic moulds","volume":"23","author":"Khosravi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2011.01.006","article-title":"Antifungal properties of Artemisia sieberi and Origanum vulgare essential oils against Candida glabrata isolates obtained from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"21","author":"Khosravi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.07.005","article-title":"Mode of action and anti-Candida activity of Artemisia annua mediated-synthesized silver nanoparticles","volume":"29","author":"Khatoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhailova, E.O. (2020). Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action and Probable Bio-Application. J. Funct. Biomater., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11040084"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4489\/MYCO.2011.39.1.026","article-title":"Inhibition Effects of Silver Nanoparticles against Powdery Mildews on Cucumber and Pumpkin","volume":"39","author":"Lamsal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.21608\/eajbsf.2019.52183","article-title":"The Toxic Effect of Magnetic and Non- Magnetic Cinnamic Essential Oil against the Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis","volume":"11","author":"Shehata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. F Toxicol. Pest Control"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"760","article-title":"An in vitro study of the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on oak wilt pathogen Raffaelea sp.","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.6429","article-title":"Biogenic silver nanoparticles by Aspergillus terreus as a powerful nanoweapon against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"7","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0017-2015","article-title":"Aspergillus Biofilm In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"3","author":"Beauvais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estevez, M.B., Raffaelli, S., Mitchell, S.G., Faccio, R., and Albor\u00e9s, S. (2020). Biofilm Eradication Using Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092023"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"784","article-title":"Corrigendum: Anti-biofilm and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Reducing Activity of Phytoconstituents Present in the Indian Medicinal Plants","volume":"11","author":"Mohanta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-015-0147-8","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans biofilms: An ultrastructural study","volume":"13","author":"Lara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.12.18","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles do not influence stem cell differentiation but cause minimal toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Samberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-11-11","article-title":"Size-dependent cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human lung cells: The role of cellular uptake, agglomeration and Ag release","volume":"11","author":"Gliga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Cantero, A., Serrano, D.R., Navarro-Rodr\u00edguez, P., Sch\u00e4tzlein, A.G., Uchegbu, I.F., Torrado, J.J., and Capilla, J. (2019). Increased Efficacy of Oral Fixed-Dose Combination of Amphotericin B and AHCC(\u00ae) Natural Adjuvant against Aspergillosis. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11090456"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.02.012","article-title":"Nebulised amphotericin B-polymethacrylic acid nanoparticle prophylaxis prevents invasive aspergillosis","volume":"11","author":"Shirkhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Italia, J.L., Sharp, A., Carter, K.C., Warn, P., and Kumar, M.N. (2011). Peroral amphotericin B polymer nanoparticles lead to comparable or superior in vivo antifungal activity to that of intravenous Ambisome\u00ae or Fungizone\u2122. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025744"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, B., Specht, C.A., Lee, C.K., Pokrovskii, M., Huh, J.R., Littman, D.R., and Levitz, S.M. (2021). Lung eosinophils elicited during allergic and acute aspergillosis express ROR\u03b3t and IL-23R but do not require IL-23 for IL-17 production. PLoS Pathog, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009891"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900174","article-title":"The Metabolic Cytokine Adiponectin Inhibits Inflammatory Lung Pathology in Invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"203","author":"Amarsaikhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-280X.1999.00219.x","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine responses following pulmonary challenge with Aspergillus fumigatus: Obligatory role of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF in neutrophil recruitment","volume":"37","author":"Schelenz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0465-1","article-title":"Interference of Aspergillus fumigatus with the immune response","volume":"37","author":"Heinekamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-009-0020-4","article-title":"Gliotoxin in Aspergillus fumigatus: An example that mycotoxins are potential virulence factors","volume":"25","author":"Hof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71367-2","article-title":"In vitro study on aspects of molecular mechanisms underlying invasive aspergillosis caused by gliotoxin and fumagillin, alone and in combination","volume":"10","author":"Gayathri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horky, P., Skalickova, S., Baholet, D., and Skladanka, J. (2018). Nanoparticles as a Solution for Eliminating the Risk of Mycotoxins. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8090727"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"501","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus Parasiticus","volume":"40","author":"Mousavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1146","article-title":"Influence of silver nanoparticles on metabolism and toxicity of moulds","volume":"62","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.129","article-title":"Antifungal and anti-mycotoxin efficacy of biogenic silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium chlamydosporum and Penicillium chrysogenum at non-cytotoxic doses","volume":"218","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/1\/51\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:53:19Z","timestamp":1760169199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/1\/51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12010051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12010051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]}}}