{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:58:15Z","timestamp":1783526295594,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A2B6006175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A2B6006175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 in the year of 2020 that drastically changed everyone\u2019s life has raised the urgent and intense need for the development of more efficacious antiviral material. This study was designed to develop copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) as an antiviral agent and to validate the antiviral activities of developed copper NP. The Cu NPs were synthesized using a high energy electron beam, and the characteristic morphologies and antiviral activities of Cu NPs were evaluated. We found that Cu NPs are of spherical shape and uniformly distributed, with a diameter of around 100 nm, as opposed to the irregular shape of commercially available copper microparticles (Cu MPs). An X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of Cu and no copper oxide II and I in the Cu NPs. A virus inactivation assay revealed no visible viral DNA after 10- and 30-min treatment of H1N1 virus with the Cu NPs. The infectivity of the Cu NPs-treated H1N1 virus significantly decreased compared with that of the Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. The viability of A549 bronchial and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells infected with Cu NPs-treated H1N1 was significantly higher than those infected with Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. We also found cells infected with Cu NPs-treated H1N1 virus exhibited a markedly decreased presence of virus nucleoprotein (NuP), an influenza virus-specific structural protein, compared with cells infected with Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. Taken together, our study shows that Cu NPs are a more effective and efficacious antiviral agent compared with Cu MPs and offer promising opportunities for the prevention of devastatingly infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12020268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Antiviral Activities of High Energy E-Beam Induced Copper Nanoparticles against H1N1 Influenza Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Taesung","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Chemical Materials Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea"},{"name":"Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Tuyet Mai","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hae","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Chemical Materials Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4686-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunyoung","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04188-6","article-title":"The emergence, genomic diversity and global spread of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"600","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2021.12.001","article-title":"Drawing light from the pandemic: Rethinking strategies for health policy and beyond","volume":"126","author":"Forman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-020-00114-6","article-title":"COVID-19: Advances in diagnostic tools, treatment strategies, and vaccine development","volume":"45","author":"Sreepadmanabh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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