{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:54Z","timestamp":1787029134569,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant","award":["711859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["711859"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brewing industry generates a substantial amount of by-products rich in polyphenols, carbohydrates, sugars, sulfates, nitrogen compounds, organic carbon, and several elements, including chlorine, magnesium, and phosphorus. Although limited quantities of these by-products are used in fertilizers and composts, a large amount is discarded as waste. Therefore, it is crucial to identify different ways of valorizing the by-products. Research regarding the valorization of the brewery by-products is still in its nascent stage; therefore, it still has high potential. Herein, we report the valorization of the brewery by-product from the filtration stage of the brewing process (BW9) to synthesize silver nanocomposites as this waste has remained largely unexplored. The BW9 nanocomposites have been compared to those obtained from the brewery product B. The chemical composition analysis of BW9 and B revealed several organic moieties capable of reducing metal salts and capping the formed nanoparticles. Therefore, the brewery waste from stage 9 was valorized as a precursor and added to silver-based precursor at various temperatures (25, 50, and 80 \u00b0C) and for various time periods (10, 30, and 120 min) to synthesize silver nanocomposites. The nanocomposites obtained using BW9 were compared to those obtained using the main product of the brewing industry, beer (B). Synthesized nanocomposites composed of AgCl as a major phase and silver metal (Agmet) was incorporated in minor quantities. In addition, Ag3PO4 was also found in B nanocomposites in minor quantities (up to 34 wt.%). The surface morphology depicted globular nanoparticles with layered structures. Small ball-like aggregates on the layer representative of Ag3PO4 were observed in B nanocomposites. The surface of nanocomposites was capped with organic content and functional groups present in the brewery products. The nanocomposites demonstrated high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli), with BW9 nanocomposites exhibiting a higher activity than B nanocomposites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T05:26:17Z","timestamp":1643433977000},"page":"442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Valorizing the Unexplored Filtration Waste of Brewing Industry for Green Silver Nanocomposite Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha","family":"Rangam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alcina","family":"Sudagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5328-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Ruszczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6440-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8047-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nuclear Research, BemT\u00e9r 18\/c, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"K\u00f6v\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nuclear Research, BemT\u00e9r 18\/c, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0417-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Micha\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agriculture and Food Biotechnology\u2014State Research Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1848-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Roszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agriculture and Food Biotechnology\u2014State Research Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Noworyta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Lesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chavda, R. (2021, May 15). 10 Most Consumed Beverages in the World. Available online: https:\/\/www.toptenslist.com\/worlds-most-consumed-beverages.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Arthur, R. (2021, May 15). Unprecedented Boom\u2019 in Microbreweries Helps Boost European Beer Volumes and Variety. Available online: https:\/\/www.beveragedaily.com\/Article\/2018\/12\/06\/EU-beer-statistics-Microbreweries-and-craft-beer-provide-big-boost#:~:targetText=The%20latest%20statistics%20from%20trade,beer%20take%20a%206%25%20share."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2018). Beer Statistics, The Brewers of Europe."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2005.01.002","article-title":"Water, wastewater and waste management in brewing industries","volume":"14","author":"Fillaudeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanauchi, M. (2017). Exploitation of Brewing Industry Wastes to Produce Functional Ingredients. Brewing Technology, IntechOpen Book.","DOI":"10.5772\/66269"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.02.035","article-title":"The treatment of brewery wastewater for reuse: State of the art","volume":"273","author":"Simate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2009.10.008","article-title":"Brewer\u2019s Saccharomyces yeast biomass: Characteristics and potential applications","volume":"21","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2021, May 20). Brewing Beer: The Brewing Process. Available online: https:\/\/www.braeuamberg.at\/en\/brewing-process\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E\u00dflinger, H.M., and Narzi\u00df, L. (2009). Beer, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a03_421.pub2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.06.047","article-title":"Electrophoretic and HPLC methods for comparative study of the protein fractions of malts, worts and beers produced from Scarlett and Prestige barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties","volume":"106","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2050-0416.2007.tb00765.x","article-title":"Enhanced Quantitative Extraction and HPLC Determination of Hop and Beer Bitter Acids","volume":"113","author":"Jaskula","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2050-0416.1999.tb00011.x","article-title":"Identification of the Polyphenols in Barley and Beer by HPLC\/MS and HPLC\/Electrochemical Detection","volume":"105","author":"Whittle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030659z","article-title":"Multivariate Analysis of NMR and FTIR Data as a Potential Tool for the Quality Control of Beer","volume":"52","author":"Duarte","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9912-6","article-title":"New insights on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant and waste biomaterials: Current knowledge, their agricultural and environmental applications","volume":"25","author":"Saratale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos-Arrieta, J., Florido, A., Perez-Rafols, C., Serrano, N., Fiol, N., Poch, J., and Villaescusa, I. (2018). Green Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles Using Grape Stalk Waste Extract for the Modification of Screen-Printed Electrodes. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0482.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, P.R., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S.B., and Poinern, G.E.J. (2017). Production of High-Value Nanoparticles via Biogenic Processes Using Aquacultural and Horticultural Food Waste. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10080852"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.06.078","article-title":"Sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using exposed X-ray sheets and forest-industrial waste biomass Assessment of kinetic and catalytic properties for degradation of toxic dyes mixture","volume":"247","author":"Singhal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1166\/jnan.2013.1135","article-title":"Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Sugarcane Bagasse\u2014An Industrial Waste","volume":"3","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanoeng. Nanomanuf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.04.006","article-title":"The green synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Iresine herbstii leaf aqueous extracts","volume":"98","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1021\/jp801267j","article-title":"Microwave-assisted rapid facile green synthesis of uniform silver nanoparticles self-assembly into multilayered films and their optical properties","volume":"112","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc00115f","article-title":"Mussel-inspired green synthesis of silver nanoparticles on graphene oxide nanosheets for enhanced catalytic applications","volume":"49","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.015","article-title":"Enhanced antimicrobial, anti-oxidant applications of green synthesized AgNPs- an acute chronic toxicity study of phenolic azo dyes & study of materials surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"180","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudagar, A.J., Rangam, N.V., Ruszczak, A., Borowicz, P., T\u00f3th, J., K\u00f6v\u00e9r, L., Micha\u0142owska, D., Roszko, M.\u0141., Noworyta, K.R., and Lesiak, B. (2021). Valorization of Brewery Wastes for the Synthesis of Silver Nanocomposites Containing Orthophosphate. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102659"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"ISO 1871:2009 (2021, October 02). Food and Feed Products\u2014General Guidelines for the Determination of Nitrogen by the Kjeldahl Method. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/41320.html."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.05.004","article-title":"Spectrophotometric method for polyphenols analysis: Prevalidation and application on Plantago L. species","volume":"39","author":"Grubesic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"246","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Total Carbohydrate","volume":"182","author":"Hewitt","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"99","article-title":"HPLC-RID method for determination of inulin and fructooligosaccharides","volume":"1","author":"Petkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2012.03.003","article-title":"Development and validation of a fast HPLC\/photodiode array detection method for the measurement of voriconazole in human serum samples. A reference laboratory experience","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2004.09.003","article-title":"Determination of total organic carbon\u2014An overview of current methods","volume":"23","author":"Bisutti","year":"2004","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.740190106","article-title":"Some applications of high-energy, high-resolution Auger-electron spectroscopy using Bremsstrahlung radiation","volume":"19","author":"Kover","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Tougaard, S. (2010). Background Analysis of XPS\/AES QUASES Simple Backgrounds, QUASES\u2014Tougaard Inc.. Version 4.1; Copyright 1994\u20132010."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kwok, R.W.M. (2000). XPS Peak Fitting Program for WIN95\/98 XPSPEAK, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Version 4.1; Copyright: R.W.M. Kwok 2000."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mohai, M. (1999). Multimodel of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy quantification program for 32-bitWindows. XPSMuliQuant, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences. ver. 7.5."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.1775","article-title":"XPS MultiQuant: Multimodel XPS Quantification Software","volume":"36","author":"Mohai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021, May 25). Infrared Spectroscopy MSU Chemistry. Available online: https:\/\/www2.chemistry.msu.edu\/faculty\/reusch\/virttxtjml\/spectrpy\/infrared\/infrared.htm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, S., Chen, L., Li, W., Ren, H., Li, K., Wu, B., Hu, H., and Xu, K. (2018). Insight into the characteristics, removal, and toxicity of effluent organic matter from a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant during catalytic ozonation. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27921-0"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1021\/bm050667j","article-title":"Effects of Temperature and Water Content on the Secondary Structure of Wheat Gluten Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Georget","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(02)00252-1","article-title":"Structural physico-chemistry of cellulose macromolecules. Vibrational spectra and structure of cellulose","volume":"614","author":"Zhbankov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14741","DOI":"10.1021\/ja026309v","article-title":"Toward the Optical Tongue:\u2009 Flow-Through Sensing of Tannin\u2212Protein Interactions Based on FTIR Spectroscopy","volume":"124","author":"Edelmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2016.1230863","article-title":"Advances in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of biological tissues","volume":"52","author":"Talari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.11.062","article-title":"Prediction of mixed hardwood lignin and carbohydrate content using ATR-FTIR and FT-NIR","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5751","article-title":"FTIR Study of Hydration Phenomena in Protein\u2013Sugar Systems","volume":"207","author":"Farhat","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1017\/S0885715600013257","article-title":"RIR\u2014Measurement and use in quantitative XRD","volume":"3","author":"Hubbard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Powder Diffr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paschalis, E.P., DiCarlo, E., Betts, F., Sherman, P., Mendelsohn, R., and Boskey, A.L. (1996). FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human osteonal bone. Calcif. Tissue Int., 59.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00369214"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padmanabhan, S.K., Pal, S., and Licciulli, A. (2020). Diatomite\/silver phosphate composite for efficient degradation of organic dyes under solar radiation. Bull. Mater. Sci., 43.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-020-02269-2"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.11.072","article-title":"Effective photocatalytic efficacy of hydrothermally synthesized silver phosphate decorated titanium dioxide nanocomposite fibers","volume":"465","author":"Saud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2016.01.021","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Ag3PO4 with the assistance of N, N-dimethylformamid and urea for high performance photocatalysis","volume":"77","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0368-2048(76)80015-1","article-title":"Hartree-Slater subshell photoionization cross-sections at 1254 and 1487 eV","volume":"8","author":"Scofield","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.09.188","article-title":"Native defects in silver orthophosphate and their effects on photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation","volume":"428","author":"Sulaeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2018.09.015","article-title":"Design of Ag3PO4 for highly enhanced photocatalyst using hydroxyapatite as a source of phosphate ion","volume":"86","author":"Sulaeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0368-2048(91)85008-H","article-title":"XPS core level spectra and Auger parameters for some silver compounds","volume":"56","author":"Kaushik","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.07.002","article-title":"The investigation of oxidized silver nanoparticles prepared by thermal evaporation and radio-frequency sputtering of metallic silver under oxygen","volume":"257","author":"Kibis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4554","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp22472k","article-title":"The silver-oxygen system in catalysis: New insights by near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Rocha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.01.081","article-title":"Oxidation of Ag nanoparticles in aqueous media: Effect of particle size and capping","volume":"297","author":"Mikhlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.04.269","article-title":"C sp2\/sp3 hybridisations in carbon nanomaterials\u2014XPS and (X)AES study","volume":"452","author":"Lesiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vorobyev, S., Vishnyakova, E., Likhatski, M., Romanchenko, A., Nemtsev, I., and Mikhlin, Y. (2019). Reactivity and Chemical Sintering of Carey Lea Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9111525"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Tougaard, S. (2021). QUASES-Tougaard Background Analysis of XPS\/AES Part1-QUASES-Analyze, QUASES\u2014Tougaard Inc.. Version 5.0; Copyright 1994\u20132003."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.740210302","article-title":"Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. V. Data for 14 organic compounds over the 50\u20132000 eV range","volume":"21","author":"Tanuma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2000). NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 20."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Goldammer, T. (2021, September 02). The Brewer\u2019s Handbook. Available online: http:\/\/www.beer-brewing.com\/beer_brewing\/about_this_title\/introduction.htm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqi, K.S., Husen, A., and Rao, R.A.K. (2018). A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties. J. Nanobiotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0334-5"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2004.03.029","article-title":"Spectroscopic characterization of Au3+ biosorption by waste biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"61","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.10.177","article-title":"In situ reduction of antibacterial silver ions to metallic silver nanoparticles on bioactive glasses functionalized with polyphenols","volume":"396","author":"Ferraris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"8052","article-title":"Development of a Silver Nanoparticle-Based Method for the Antioxidant Capacity Measurement of Polyphenols","volume":"84","author":"Baki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1021\/la702073r","article-title":"Role of Phenol Derivatives in the Formation of Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Jacob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-01017-9","article-title":"The ancillary effects of nanoparticles and their implications for nanomedicine","volume":"16","author":"Stater","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1489262","article-title":"Therapeutic prospective of plant-induced silver nanoparticles: Application as antimicrobial and anticancer agent","volume":"46","author":"Hembram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burdusel, A.C., Gherasim, O., Grumezescu, A.M., Mogoanta, L., Ficai, A., and Andronescu, E. (2018). Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles: An Up-to-Date Overview. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8090681"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2016.10.018","article-title":"Green production of microalgae-based silver chloride nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria","volume":"97","author":"ConzFerreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Zhu, H., Shen, Y., Zhang, W., and Zhang, L. (2019). Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles of different particle size against Vibrio Natriegens. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222322"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.018","article-title":"Morphological changes of bacterial cells upon exposure of silver-silver chloride nanoparticles synthesized using Agrimonia pilosa","volume":"116","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/3\/442\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:09:42Z","timestamp":1760134182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/3\/442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12030442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12030442","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}