{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:20:24Z","timestamp":1789150824668,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Structural and Investment Funds","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000843"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper provides a description of the potential for the direct current- and alternating current-driven electrospinning of various linear aliphatic polyamides (PA). Sets with increasing concentrations of selected PAs were dissolved in a mixture of formic acid and dichloromethane at a weight ratio of 1:1 and spun using a bar electrode applying direct and alternating high voltage. The solubility and spinnability of the polyamides were investigated and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were acquired of the resulting nanofiber layers. The various defects of the spun fibers and their diameters were detected and subsequently measured. Moreover, the dynamic viscosity and conductivity were also subjected to detailed investigation. The most suitable concentrations for each of the PAs were determined according to previous findings, and the solutions were spun using a NanospiderTM device at the larger scale. The fiber diameters of these samples were also measured. Finally, the surface energy of the fiber layers produced by the NanospiderTM device was measured aimed at selecting a suitable PA for a particular application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12040665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Potential for the Direct and Alternating Current-Driven Electrospinning of Polyamides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5421-1063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Holec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7133-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radek","family":"Jirkovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Kalous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Ba\u0165ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile Machines, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Bro\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Chvojka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8186","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9655808","article-title":"Nylon Plastics Handbook Edited by Melvin I. Kohan (MIK Associates). Hanser: Cincinnati, OH. 1995. xii + 631 pp. $198.00. ISBN 1-56990-189-9","volume":"118","author":"Jahnke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e10199","article-title":"Aliphatic polyamides (nylons): Interplay between hydrogen bonds and crystalline structures, polymorphic transitions and crystallization","volume":"4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Harper, C.A. (2000). Modern Plastics Handbook, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3950(85)90411-3","article-title":"Sorption of water by aliphatic polyamides. Review","volume":"27","author":"Razumovskii","year":"1985","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. USSR"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"McKeen, L.W., and Massey, L.K. (2004). Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications, William Andrew Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kumar, K.D., Shantharaja, M., Kumar, N., and Manjunatha, G. (2021). Morphological and mechanical properties of short fibres reinforced hybrid composites for automotive applications. Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sinclair, R. (2015). Chapter 5\u2014Synthetic Textile Fibres: Polyamide, Polyester and Aramid Fibres. Textiles and Fashion, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.124233","article-title":"A novel intrinsic semi-aromatic polyamide dielectric toward excellent thermal stability, mechanical robustness and dielectric performance","volume":"234","author":"Ning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100475","article-title":"Review of surface treatment methods for polyamide films for potential application as smart packaging materials: Surface structure, antimicrobial and spectral properties","volume":"24","author":"Tyuftin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsbt.2015.08.002","article-title":"Applications of synthetic polymers in clinical medicine","volume":"1","author":"Maitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosurf. Biotribol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.28605","article-title":"Nanofibers prepared by electrospinning from solutions of biobased polyamide 4","volume":"55","author":"Roda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"L\u00f6vestam, G., Rauscher, H., Roebben, G., Kl\u00fcttgen, B.S., Gibson, N., Putaud, J.-P., and Stamm, H. (2010). Considerations on a Definition of Nanomaterial for Regulatory Purposes, JRC."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.002","article-title":"Nanofiber technology: Current status and emerging developments","volume":"70","author":"Kenry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.06.015","article-title":"Nanofibers as new-generation materials: From spinning and nano-spinning fabrication techniques to emerging applications","volume":"17","author":"Barhoum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"113908","article-title":"A comprehensive review on preparation, functionalization and recent applications of nanofiber membranes in wastewater treatment","volume":"301","author":"Ramadan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2156(07)41002-X","article-title":"Electrospinning of Nanofibers from Polymer Solutions and Melts","volume":"41","author":"Reneker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2021.100543","article-title":"Electrospinning through the prism of time","volume":"21","author":"Shepa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.02.002","article-title":"Electrospinning jets and polymer nanofibers","volume":"49","author":"Reneker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Office, E.P. (2021, November 30). A Method of Nanofibres Production from a Polymer Solution Using Electrostatic Spinning and a Device for Carrying out the Method. Available online: https:\/\/data.epo.org\/publication-server\/document?iDocId=3478463&iFormat=0."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108106","article-title":"Polymer fibers electrospun using pulsed voltage","volume":"183","author":"Mirek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.128761","article-title":"Improved spinnability of PA 6 solutions using AC electrospinning","volume":"283","author":"Kalous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109748","article-title":"The effect of material and process parameters on the surface energy of polycaprolactone fibre layers","volume":"205","author":"Jirkovec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"807","article-title":"Stability of antibacterial modification of nanofibrous PA6\/DTAB membrane during air filtration","volume":"96","author":"Benada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.107084","article-title":"New polyamide 6 nanofibrous sorbents produced via alternating current electrospinning for the on-line solid phase extraction of small molecules in chromatography systems","volume":"174","author":"Erben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102921","article-title":"Fabrication of polyamide 6\/honey\/boric acid mats by electrohydrodynamic processes for wound healing applications","volume":"29","author":"Nur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2010.11.013","article-title":"Lecithin blended polyamide-6 high aspect ratio nanofiber scaffolds via electrospinning for human osteoblast cell culture","volume":"31","author":"Nirmala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.07.118","article-title":"Enhanced performance of triboelectric nanogenerator based on polyamide-silver antimony sulfide nanofibers for energy harvesting","volume":"179","author":"Yar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-010-0808-2","article-title":"Effect of solvents on high aspect ratio polyamide-6 nanofibers via electrospinning","volume":"18","author":"Nirmala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32704","article-title":"Effect of nonsolvent on morphologies of polyamide 6 electrospun fibers","volume":"118","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2010.08.051","article-title":"Effect of successive electrospinning and the strength of hydrogen bond on the morphology of electrospun nylon-6 nanofibers","volume":"370","author":"Pant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/15\/011","article-title":"Formation of novel 2D polymer nanowebs via electrospinning","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2006.02.002","article-title":"Electrospinning of nylon-6,66,1010 terpolymer","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.08.058","article-title":"New solvent for polyamides and its application to the electrospinning of polyamides 11 and 12","volume":"48","author":"Behler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-014-2501-4","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of electrospun nanofiber-coated membrane separators for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2015.01.002","article-title":"Electrospinning of Nylon11: Effect of processing parameters on morphology and microstructure","volume":"3","author":"Dhanalakshmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/4\/665\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:21:00Z","timestamp":1760134860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/4\/665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12040665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12040665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}