{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:54:31Z","timestamp":1790434471105,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-34-90115\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-34-90115\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted attention as promising components for the protection and stimulation of plant microclones in tissue culture in vitro. However, the effect of NPs on the genetic mechanisms underlying plant adaptive responses remains poorly understood. We studied the effect of column-shaped CuO NPs 50 nm in diameter and 70\u2013100 nm in length at a concentration of 0.1\u201310 mg\/L on the development of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium avenaceum in culture, as well as on the infection of downy birch micro-clones with phytopathogens and the level of genes expression associated with the formation of plant responses to stress induced by microorganisms. CuO NPs effectively suppressed the development of colonies of phytopathogenic fungi A. alternata and F. avenaceum (up to 68.42% inhibition at 10 mg\/L CuO NPs) but not the development of a colony of F. oxysporum. Exposure to the NPs caused multidirectional responses at the level of plant genes transcription: 5 mg\/L CuO NPs significantly increased the expression level of the LEA8 and MYB46 genes and decreased the expression of DREB2 and PAL. Infection with A. alternata significantly increased the level of MYB46, LEA8, PAL, PR-1, and PR-10 transcripts in birch micro-clones; however, upon exposure to a medium with NPs and simultaneous exposure to a phytopathogen, the expression of the MYB46, PR-1, and PR-10 genes decreased by 5.4 times, which is associated with a decrease in the pathogenic load caused by the effect of NPs and the simultaneous stimulation of clones in vitro. The results obtained can be used in the development of preparations based on copper oxide NPs for disinfection and stimulation of plant phytoimmunity during clonal micropropagation of tree crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12050864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Influence of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Gene Expression of Birch Clones In Vitro under Stress Caused by Phytopathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5448-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana A.","family":"Grodetskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovative Technologies of the Forestry Complex, Laboratory of PCR Analysis, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies Named after G. F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Evlakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovative Technologies of the Forestry Complex, Laboratory of PCR Analysis, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies Named after G. F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga A.","family":"Fedorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovative Technologies of the Forestry Complex, Laboratory of PCR Analysis, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies Named after G. F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyacheslav I.","family":"Mikhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovative Technologies of the Forestry Complex, Laboratory of PCR Analysis, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies Named after G. F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Zakharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Derzhavin Tambov State University, 392020 Tambov, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISIS\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Engineering Center, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny A.","family":"Kolesnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISIS\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda A.","family":"Evtushenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovative Technologies of the Forestry Complex, Laboratory of PCR Analysis, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies Named after G. F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8699-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Gusev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Innovative Technologies of the Forestry Complex, Laboratory of PCR Analysis, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies Named after G. F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Derzhavin Tambov State University, 392020 Tambov, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISIS\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Engineering Center, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005989000408","article-title":"Internal Bacterial Contamination of Micropropagated Hazelnut: Identification and Antibiotic Treatment","volume":"52","author":"Reed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00269232","article-title":"The toxicity of antibiotics to plant cell cultures","volume":"2","author":"Pollock","year":"1983","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12154-014-0113-1","article-title":"The rising threat of fungicide resistance in plant pathogenic fungi: Botrytis as a case study","volume":"7","author":"Hahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01099","article-title":"Persistence in Phytopathogenic Bacteria: Do We Know Enough?","volume":"9","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teow, S.-Y., Wong, M.M.-T., Yap, H.-Y., Peh, S.-C., and Shameli, K. (2018). Bactericidal Properties of Plants-Derived Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (NPs). Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061366"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995078019040141","article-title":"Photocatalytically Active Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Clonal Micropropagation of Plants: Prospects","volume":"14","author":"Zakharova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Russ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ur Rahim, H., Qaswar, M., Uddin, M., Giannini, C., Herrera, M.L., and Rea, G. (2021). Nano-Enable Materials Promoting Sustainability and Resilience in Modern Agriculture. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082068"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00404A","article-title":"Recent advances in the applications of nano-agrochemicals for sustainable agricultural development","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.10.051","article-title":"Nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture: An emerging opportunity","volume":"329","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8749","article-title":"Recent developments in nanotechnology transforming the agricultural sector: A transition replete with opportunities","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148359","article-title":"Nanobiotechnological advancements in agriculture and food industry: Applications, nanotoxicity, and future perspectives","volume":"792","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10756","article-title":"Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age","volume":"15","author":"Ermini","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-020-00188-1","article-title":"Current status of plant metabolite-based fabrication of copper\/copper oxide nanoparticles and their applications: A review","volume":"24","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husen, A., and Iqbal, M. (2019). Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biological Applications. Nanomaterials and Plant Potential, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05569-1_3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.210","article-title":"Use of copper, silver and zinc nanoparticles against foliar and soil-borne plant pathogens","volume":"670","author":"Malandrakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cu Nanoparticles absorbed on chitosan hydrogels positively alter morphological, production, and quality characteristics of tomato","volume":"89","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"196","article-title":"Copper Sulfate Nanoparticales In vitro Applications on Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Stimulating Growth and Total Phenolic Content Increasments","volume":"5","author":"Genady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Res. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30737-4_36","article-title":"The Influence of Cu \u0438 Co Nanoparticles on Growth Characteristics and Biochemical Structure of Mentha Longifolia In Vitro","volume":"Volume 183","author":"Liapina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanophysics, Nanophotonics, Surface Studies, and Applications"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivero-Montejo, S.d.J., Vargas-Hernandez, M., and Torres-Pacheco, I. (2021). Nanoparticles as Novel Elicitors to Improve Bioactive Compounds in Plants. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11020134"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faizan, M., Hayat, S., and Yu, F. (2021). Alleviation Mechanism of Drought Stress in Plants Using Metal Nanoparticles\u2014A Perspective Analysis. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 53: Nanoparticles: A New Tool to Enhance Stress Tolerance, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86876-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00832","article-title":"Nanoparticles Alter Secondary Metabolism in Plants via ROS Burst","volume":"8","author":"Marslin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.167","article-title":"Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles induced expression of pathogenesis-related proteins genes enhances biotic stress tolerance in tomato","volume":"125","author":"Chun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2022.104783","article-title":"Interplay of ZnONPs and\/or SeNPs induces arsenic tolerance in soybean by regulation of antioxidants pool, WRKY genes, and expression of arsenic transporters","volume":"195","author":"Zeeshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1139\/cjb-2017-0124","article-title":"Remodeling of root morphology by CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: Effects on drought tolerance for plants colonized by a beneficial pseudomonad","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Botany"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056563","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4056563","article-title":"Metal-Based Nanoparticles Enhance Drought Tolerance in Soybean","volume":"2020","author":"Linh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.01.023","article-title":"NiO-nanoparticles induce reduced phytotoxic hazards in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under future climate CO2","volume":"220","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez, S., Gala, M., and \u017dold\u00e1k, G. (2021). Nanoimpact in Plants: Lessons from the Transcriptome. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040751"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00872","article-title":"Copper Nanoparticles Induced Genotoxicty, Oxidative Stress, and Changes in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Gene Expression in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Plants","volume":"9","author":"Mosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126230","article-title":"Combined effect of nano-CuO and nano-ZnO in plant-related system: From bioavailability in soil to transcriptional regulation of metal homeostasis in barley","volume":"416","author":"Kusiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644689","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6644689","article-title":"Effect of Fe3O4 and CuO Nanoparticles on Morphology, Genotoxicity, and miRNA Expression on Different Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes","volume":"2021","author":"Petrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.028","article-title":"Toxicity of copper hydroxide nanoparticles, bulk copper hydroxide, and ionic copper to alfalfa plants: A spectroscopic and gene expression study","volume":"243","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-10-17-1621-RE","article-title":"Effect of Metalloid and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon","volume":"102","author":"Elmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2020.0004","article-title":"Transcriptomic changes in green bean pods against grey mould and white rot diseases via field application of chemical elicitor nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Elsisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.12.013","article-title":"Study on the correlation between copper oxide nanoparticles induced growth suppression and enhanced lignification in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)","volume":"113","author":"Nair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10814","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02265","article-title":"Transcriptomic Response of Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to CuO Nanoparticles, Bulk Material, and Ionic Copper","volume":"51","author":"Landa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-017-2205-4","article-title":"Physiological and Molecular Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to CuO Nanoparticle (nCuO) Exposure","volume":"99","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01017","article-title":"CuO Nanoparticle Interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana: Toxicity, Parent-Progeny Transfer, and Gene Expression","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2826","article-title":"The effect of CuO NPs on reactive oxygen species and cell cycle gene expression in roots of rice","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123946","article-title":"OsFTIP7 determines metallic oxide nanoparticles response and tolerance by regulating auxin biosynthesis in rice","volume":"403","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0106-5","article-title":"A mechanistic study on the toxic effect of copper oxide nanoparticles in soybean (Glycine max L.) root development and lignification of root cells","volume":"162","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2016.1277274","article-title":"Weathering in soil increases nanoparticle CuO bioaccumulation within a terrestrial food chain","volume":"11","author":"Servin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01302","article-title":"CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles Modify Interkingdom Cell Signaling Processes Relevant to Crop Production","volume":"66","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1134\/S2635167621020063","article-title":"Effect of Copper Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles on the Development of Tolerance to Alternaria alternata in Poplar in Vitro Clones","volume":"16","author":"Grodetskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanobiotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995078020040035","article-title":"Influence of Copper Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles on Microclonal Sprouts of Downy Birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.)","volume":"15","author":"Evlakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Russ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakharova, O.V., Gusev, A.A., Muratov, D.S., Shuklinov, A.V., Strekalova, N.S., and Matveev, S.M. (2021). Titanium Trisulfide Nanoribbons Affect the Downy Birch and Poplar \u00d7 Aspen Hybrid in Plant Tissue Culture via the Emission of Hydrogen Sulfide. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12060713"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"012008","article-title":"Optimized method for RNA extraction from leaves of forest tree species","volume":"Volume 875","author":"Grodetskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.10516","article-title":"Abiotic stresses induced physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in Betula platyphylla: A review","volume":"55","author":"Ritonga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Silva Fenn"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, X., Wang, J., Zhang, D., and Wang, Y. (2019). A Gene Regulatory Network Controlled by BpERF2 and BpMYB102 in Birch under Drought Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123071"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144422","article-title":"Genome-wide identification and characterization of late embryogenesis abundant protein-encoding gene family in wheat: Evolution and expression profiles during development and stress","volume":"736","author":"Zan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13077","article-title":"Fe2O3 nanoparticles induced biochemical responses and expression of genes involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis pathway in Moldavian balm under salinity stress","volume":"169","author":"Moradbeygi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J.S., Reed, A., Chen, F., and Stewart, C.N. (2006). Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC Bioinform., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-85"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01332","article-title":"Potential Applications and Antifungal Activities of Engineered Nanomaterials against Gray Mold Disease Agent Botrytis cinerea on Rose Petals","volume":"8","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Abeid, S.E., Ahmed, Y., Dar\u00f2s, J.-A., and Mohamed, M.A. (2020). Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheet-Decorated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Potent Antifungal Nanocomposite against Fusarium Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Tomato and Pepper Plants. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10051001"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-021-00823-8","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Chitosan Capped-Copper Nano Biocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity against Plant Pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntasiou, P., Kaldeli Kerou, A., Karamanidou, T., Vlachou, A., Tziros, G.T., Tsouknidas, A., and Karaoglanidis, G.S. (2021). Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Copper Nanoparticles for the Control of Leaf Spot and Anthracnose Diseases of Olive. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071667"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.05.012","article-title":"Nanoparticle cytotoxicity depends on intracellular solubility: Comparison of stabilized copper metal and degradable copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"197","author":"Studer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12293","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA12163E","article-title":"Understanding the pathway of antibacterial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Meghana","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.07.012","article-title":"Cell membrane damage and protein interaction induced by copper containing nanoparticles\u2014Importance of the metal release process","volume":"313","author":"Karlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, J., Chakraborty, N., Chatterjee, A., Bhattacharjee, A., Dasgupta, D., and Acharya, K. (2020). Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Defence and Antioxidant Enzymes in Lens culinaris. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020312"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00010-15","article-title":"Oomycete interactions with plants: Infection strategies and resistance principles","volume":"79","author":"Fawke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-020-02850-9","article-title":"Phytotoxicity Assessment of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on the Germination, Early Seedling Growth, and Physiological Responses in Oryza sativa L.","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.171843","article-title":"MYB46 Modulates Disease Susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis","volume":"155","author":"Agorio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00539-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00539-18","article-title":"LEA Proteins and the Evolution of the WHy Domain","volume":"84","author":"Mertens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, V., Wang, Z., Wei, C., Amo, A., Ahmed, B., Yang, X., and Zhang, X. (2020). Phenylpropanoid Pathway Engineering: An Emerging Approach towards Plant Defense. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040312"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., and Singh, I.K. (2018). Role of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins in Plant Defense Mechanism. Molecular Aspects of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7371-7"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-017-1320-6","article-title":"Potential use of the DREB\/ERF, MYB, NAC and WRKY transcription factors to improve abiotic and biotic stress in transgenic plants","volume":"132","author":"Erpen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. (PCTOC)"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-019-4084-2","article-title":"Effect of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on the Physiology, Bioactive Molecules, and Transcriptional Changes in Brassica rapa ssp. rapa Seedlings","volume":"230","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1515\/biolog-2015-0193","article-title":"Biochemical, anatomical and molecular level changes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"70","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biologia"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/5\/864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:54Z","timestamp":1760135514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/5\/864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12050864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12050864","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}