{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:27:16Z","timestamp":1775766436877,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C2009057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C2009057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003716","name":"Korea Basic Science Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A6C101A204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6C101A204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003716","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial lithium-ion batteries using liquid electrolytes are still a safety hazard due to their poor chemical stability and other severe problems, such as electrolyte leakage and low thermal stability. To mitigate these critical issues, solid electrolytes are introduced. However, solid electrolytes have low ionic conductivity and inferior power density. This study reports the optimization of the synthesis of sodium superionic conductor-type Li1.5Al0.3Si0.2Ti1.7P2.8O12 (LASTP) solid electrolyte. The as-prepared powder was calcined at 650 \u00b0C, 700 \u00b0C, 750 \u00b0C, and 800 \u00b0C to optimize the synthesis conditions and yield high-quality LASTP powders. Later, LASTP was sintered at 950 \u00b0C, 1000 \u00b0C, 1050 \u00b0C, and 1100 \u00b0C to study the dependence of the relative density and ionic conductivity on the sintering temperature. Morphological changes were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and structural changes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Further, the ionic conductivity was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Sintering at 1050 \u00b0C resulted in a high relative density and the highest ionic conductivity (9.455 \u00d7 10\u22124 S cm\u22121). These findings corroborate with the activation energies that are calculated using the Arrhenius plot. Therefore, the as-synthesized superionic LASTP solid electrolytes can be used to design high-performance and safe all-solid-state batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12071158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:34:29Z","timestamp":1648762469000},"page":"1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Synthesis of Superionic Conductive Li1+x+yAlxSiyTi2\u2212xP3\u2212yO12 Solid Electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hyeonwoo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyeon","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanggil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Mamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheul-Ro","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Kee","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Energy Convergence Core Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inseok","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero 567, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11475","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future","volume":"488","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/35104644","article-title":"Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries","volume":"414","author":"Tarascon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.11.058","article-title":"Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy","volume":"76","author":"Diouf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701972","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701972","article-title":"Flexible Aqueous Li-Ion Battery with High Energy and Power Densities","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2014.10.040","article-title":"Li-ion battery materials: Present and future","volume":"18","author":"Nitta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00081g","article-title":"Electrolytes for solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries: Recent advances and perspectives","volume":"40","author":"Quartarone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00780-7","article-title":"Safe and Stable Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by an Amide-Based Electrolyte","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8853","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP01255F","article-title":"Lithium salt\/amide-based deep eutectic electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries: Electrochemical, thermal and computational study","volume":"22","author":"Ogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.09.075","article-title":"Non-flammable organic liquid electrolyte for high-safety and high-energy density Li-ion batteries","volume":"404","author":"Pham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.5b00427","article-title":"Nanostructured Electrolytes for Stable Lithium Electrodeposition in Secondary Batteries","volume":"48","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.03.008","article-title":"Advancing Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000335","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202000335","article-title":"Correlating Macro and Atomic Structure with Elastic Properties and Ionic Transport of Glassy Li2S-P2S5 (LPS) Solid Electrolyte for Solid-State Li Metal Batteries","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002689","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202002689","article-title":"Solid-State Li\u2013Metal Batteries: Challenges and Horizons of Oxide and Sulfide Solid Electrolytes and Their Interfaces","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201901687","article-title":"Influence of Liquid Solutions on the Ionic Conductivity of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 Solid Electrolytes","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(86)90179-7","article-title":"Lithium ion conductors in the system AB(IV)2(PO4)3 (B = Ti, Zr and Hf)","volume":"18\u201319","author":"Subramanian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(86)90142-6","article-title":"Preparation and conductivity measurements of SiS2 Li2S glasses doped with LiBr and LiCl","volume":"18\u201319","author":"Kennedy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.03.032","article-title":"Recent progress of composite solid polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301565","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201301565","article-title":"Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Hydrogen Sulfide: A Promising Strategy for Pollutant Control and as an Electrode for Li-S Batteries","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.04.022","article-title":"Review on solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries","volume":"389","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2009.03.022","article-title":"Inorganic solid Li ion conductors: An overview","volume":"180","author":"Knauth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5408(76)90077-5","article-title":"Fast Na+-ion transport in skeleton structures","volume":"11","author":"Goodenough","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601925","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601925","article-title":"NASICON-Structured Materials for Energy Storage","volume":"29","author":"Jian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5302-5","article-title":"A wide-ranging review on Nasicon type materials","volume":"46","author":"Anantharamulu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24232","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP04792A","article-title":"Defect formation and migration in Nasicon Li1+xAlxTi2\u2212x(PO4)3","volume":"21","author":"Arjmandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7908","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c02695","article-title":"Phase Behavior in Rhombohedral NaSiCON Electrolytes and Electrodes","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2020.115521","article-title":"Atomistic analysis of Li migration in Li1+xAlxTi2\u2212x(PO4)3 (LATP) solid electrolytes","volume":"359","author":"Pfalzgraf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1021\/jp973296c","article-title":"Relationship between Activation Energy and Bottleneck Size for Li+ Ion Conduction in NASICON Materials of Composition LiMM\u2018(PO4)3; M, M\u2019 = Ge, Ti, Sn, Hf","volume":"102","author":"Iglesias","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1021\/cm504564k","article-title":"Small Change\u2014Great Effect: Steep Increase of Li Ion Dynamics in Li4Ti5O12 at the Early Stages of Chemical Li Insertion","volume":"27","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.06.081","article-title":"Effect of microcracking on ionic conductivity in LATP","volume":"218","author":"Jackman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03070.x","article-title":"Fast Li+ Ion Conduction in Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2-P2O2 Glass-Ceramics","volume":"80","author":"Fu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600890","article-title":"Enhanced Ionic Conductivity in Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9: Unique Effect of Calcium Co-doping","volume":"17","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2014.05.016","article-title":"Increase in grain boundary ionic conductivity of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 by adding excess lithium","volume":"263","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.04.170","article-title":"Influence of crystallization temperature on ionic conductivity of lithium aluminum germanium phosphate glass-ceramic","volume":"290","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.13638","article-title":"Microwave Processing for Improved Ionic Conductivity in Li2O\u2013Al2O3\u2013TiO2\u2013P2O5 Glass-Ceramics","volume":"98","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2014.12.013","article-title":"Influence of phosphorus sources on lithium ion conducting performance in the system of Li2O\u2013Al2O3\u2013GeO2\u2013P2O5 glass\u2013ceramics","volume":"270","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1265","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0711507jes","article-title":"Tape-Cast Water-Stable NASICON-Type High Lithium Ion Conducting Solid Electrolyte Films for Aqueous Lithium-Air Batteries","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2005.00246.x","article-title":"Spark Plasma Sintering of LiTi2(PO4)3-Based Solid Electrolytes","volume":"88","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA08715B","article-title":"NASICON LiM2(PO4)3 electrolyte (M = Zr) and electrode (M = Ti) materials for all solid-state Li-ion batteries with high total conductivity and low interfacial resistance","volume":"6","author":"Regoutz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2738(90)90282-V","article-title":"Ionic conductivity and sinterability of lithium titanium phosphate system","volume":"40\u201341","author":"Aono","year":"1990","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50005","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4999879","article-title":"Effects of temperatures to the electrical properties of Li1.6Al0.6Sn1.4P3O12 NASICON type solid electrolytes","volume":"1877","author":"Rusdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/7\/1158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:47:28Z","timestamp":1760136448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/7\/1158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12071158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12071158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}}}