{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T13:42:18Z","timestamp":1769694138970,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42077293 and 22006088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077293 and 22006088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2019A1515011692 and 2019QN01L797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011692 and 2019QN01L797"]}]},{"name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","award":["QD2021010N and HW2020002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD2021010N and HW2020002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The usage of pesticides is deemed essential to ensure crop production for global food security. Conventional chemical pesticides have significant effects on ecosystems. Nanopesticides are increasingly considered an emerging alternative due to their higher efficiency and lower environmental impacts. However, large knowledge gaps exist in the public perceptions and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for nanopesticides. Thus, we conducted a regional survey of pesticide users and food consumers on perceptions and WTP for nanopesticides across China. We found that 97.4% pesticide users were willing to pay for nanopesticides, with a main price from 25% to 40% higher than for conventional pesticides. Experience with applying pesticides, income, familiarity with and attitude toward nanopesticides, and trust in industries were significant determinants of WTP. Although the public were not familiar with nanopesticides, they had positive attitudes toward their future development and supported labeling nanoscale ingredients on products. Pesticide users presented high trust levels in governments and industries, while 34% of food consumers neutrally or distrusted industries in selling and production. This study highlights the socioeconomic and technological aspects of nanopesticides, which could provide guidance for industries to develop market strategies and for governments to design relevant regulation policies effectively, contributing to crop yield improvement and sustainable agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12081292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T02:48:59Z","timestamp":1649731739000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Public Perceptions and Willingness-to-Pay for Nanopesticides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Peiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangyue","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hospital Management, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangming","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-643X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slav W.","family":"Hermanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0439-5","article-title":"Nano-enabled strategies to enhance crop nutrition and protection","volume":"14","author":"Kah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EN00461K","article-title":"Delivery, uptake, fate, and transport of engineered nanoparticles in plants: A critical review and data analysis","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06615","article-title":"Nano-Biotechnology in Agriculture: Use of Nanomaterials to Promote Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2004.09.080","article-title":"Adsorption of pesticides on porous polymeric adsorbents","volume":"60","author":"Kyriakopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0706-5","article-title":"Guiding the design space for nanotechnology to advance sustainable crop production","volume":"15","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/15422110600822733","article-title":"Adsorption of Pesticides on Carbonaceous and Polymeric Materials from Aqueous Solutions: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Kyriakopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960\u20132008","volume":"124","author":"Nehring","year":"2014","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1504\/IJETM.2006.010482","article-title":"Treatment of contaminated water with pesticides via adsorption","volume":"6","author":"Kyriakopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38853","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA05520J","article-title":"Graphene oxide loaded with copper oxide nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayles, J., Johnson, L., Worthley, C., and Losic, D. (2017). Nanopesticides: A review of current research and perspectives. New Pesticides and Soil Sensors, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804299-1.00006-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1021\/jf500232f","article-title":"Nanopesticides: Guiding Principles for Regulatory Evaluation of Environmental Risks","volume":"62","author":"Kookana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6480","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02373","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment of Nano-enabled Pesticides: A Perspective on Problem Formulation","volume":"66","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2012.671750","article-title":"Nanopesticides: State of Knowledge, Environmental Fate, and Exposure Modeling","volume":"43","author":"Kah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1732","article-title":"Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control","volume":"65","author":"Rubiales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0131-1","article-title":"A critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against their conventional analogues","volume":"13","author":"Kah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-0110-1","article-title":"Technology readiness and overcoming barriers to sustainably implement nanotechnology-enabled plant agriculture","volume":"1","author":"Hofmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/13\/135101","article-title":"Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles","volume":"25","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.733","article-title":"Paradigms to assess the environmental impact of manufactured nanomaterials","volume":"31","author":"Klaine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-016-0791-2","article-title":"Nanopesticides: Opportunities in Crop Protection and Associated Environmental Risks","volume":"88","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-016-3733-2","article-title":"Perceptions and attitude effects on nanotechnology acceptance: An exploratory framework","volume":"19","author":"Bezbaruah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2021.01.002","article-title":"Using Contingent Valuation Method to Estimate Adults\u2019 Willingness to Pay for a Future Coronavirus 2019 Vaccination","volume":"24","author":"Vo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Value Health Reg. Issues"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-014-2751-1","article-title":"Awareness on adverse effects of nanotechnology increases negative perception among public: Survey study from Singapore","volume":"16","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547005281474","article-title":"Public attitudes toward emerging technologies: Examining the interactive effects of cognitions and affect on public attitudes toward nanotechnology","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.05.005","article-title":"Consumer response to novel agri-food technologies: Implications for predicting consumer acceptance of emerging food technologies","volume":"22","author":"Frewer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-015-3084-4","article-title":"Investigating factors influencing consumer willingness to buy GM food and nano-food","volume":"17","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.06.016","article-title":"Regulatory aspects of nanotechnology in the agri\/feed\/food sector in EU and non-EU countries","volume":"73","author":"Amenta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1017\/S1867299X00000891","article-title":"To Label or Not to Label?\u2014It\u2019s More than a Nano-sized Question","volume":"1","author":"Bowman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Risk Regul."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/ropr.12035","article-title":"Hungry for Information: Public Attitudes Toward Food Nanotechnology and Labeling","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Policy Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-121X.2009.00121.x","article-title":"Regulating nanotechnologies: Sizing up the options","volume":"29","author":"Stokes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-06-2015-0226","article-title":"Consumer acceptance of food nanotechnology in Italy","volume":"118","author":"Sodano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662506056993","article-title":"Nanotechnology: Public concerns, reasoning and trust in government","volume":"15","author":"Macoubrie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Underst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Yang, M. (2019). The Study on Pesticide Use Behavior of Greenhouse Vegetable Growers: Taking Shandong as an Example, China Agricultural University."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, November 01). Statista Distribution of the Workforce Across Economic Sectors in China from 2010 to 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/270327\/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-china\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Jin, J., He, R., Gong, H., and Tian, Y. (2018). Farmers\u2019 Willingness to Pay for Health Risk Reductions of Pesticide Use in China: A Contingent Valuation Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040625"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., and Wu, J. (2018). The Sustainability of Agricultural Development in China: The Agriculture\u2013Environment Nexus. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10061776"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2272012051","article-title":"Sample Size Estimation: How Many Individuals Should Be Studied?","volume":"227","author":"Eng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1108\/IJESM-12-2019-0015","article-title":"Socioeconomic evaluation of green energy investments","volume":"14","author":"Skordoulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Sect. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"600","article-title":"Exploring the value of overseas biodiversity to Chinese netizens based on willingness to pay for the African elephants\u2019 protection","volume":"637\u2013638","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"124","article-title":"Willingness to pay for pesticides\u2019 environmental features and social desirability bias: The case of apple and pear growers","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Household\u2019s Perception and their Willingness to Pay for Pesticides-Free Fruits in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Kp) Province of Pakistan: A Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Study","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sarhad J. Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrescu-Mag, R.M., Banatean-Dunea, I., Vesa, S.C., Copacinschi, S., and Petrescu, D.C. (2019). What Do Romanian Farmers Think about the Effects of Pesticides? Perceptions and Willingness to Pay for Bio-Pesticides. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11133628"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3390\/environments2040449","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 Willingness to Pay for Cabbage with Minimized Pesticide Residues in Southern Benin","volume":"2","author":"Tossou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0099(05)02017-6","article-title":"Chapter 17 Contingent Valuation","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Carson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handbook of Environmental Economics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2008.05.003","article-title":"Contingent valuation analysis of willingness to pay to reduce childhood obesity","volume":"6","author":"Cawley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10473648","article-title":"Improving the Quality of Economic Data: Lessons from the HRS and AHEAD","volume":"92","author":"Juster","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2475","article-title":"Sample selection bias and Heckman models in strategic management research","volume":"37","author":"Certo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2307\/1912352","article-title":"Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error","volume":"47","author":"Heckman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"StataCorp Stata (2019). Version: Stata Base Reference Manual: Release, StataCorp LLC."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2011.577931","article-title":"Expenditures on Sport Apparel: Creating Consumer Profiles through Interval Regression Modelling","volume":"11","author":"Scheerder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Sport Manag. Q."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"48","article-title":"The Homebound Intention, Migration Costs and the Remittance to Home\u2014An Analysis of Interval Regression Model","volume":"26","author":"Ming","year":"2011","journal-title":"South China Popul."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2021, May 29). Gene Denovo OmicShare Tools. Available online: https:\/\/www.omicshare.com\/tools."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.02.004","article-title":"Public acceptance of and willingness-to-pay for nanofoods in the U.S","volume":"89","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2021.100320","article-title":"Survey of industrial perceptions for the use of nanomaterials for in-home drinking water purification devices","volume":"22","author":"Kidd","year":"2021","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S2212-5671(12)00070-6","article-title":"An Empirical Analysis of Financial Risk Tolerance and Demographic Features of Individual Investors","volume":"2","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"93","article-title":"Risk Preference Theory and Family Portfolio\u2014The Evidence from Chinese Household Finance Survey","volume":"Volume 54","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 5th International Conference on Management Science and Management Innovation (MSMI 2018)"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8489.12461","article-title":"Inducing the adoption of emerging technologies for sustainable intensification of food and renewable energy production: Insights from applied economics","volume":"66","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/erae\/jbr069","article-title":"Consumer choices for nano-food and nano-packaging in France and Germany","volume":"40","author":"Bieberstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-015-3036-z","article-title":"The perceived familiarity gap hypothesis: Examining how media attention and reflective integration relate to perceived familiarity with nanotechnology in Singapore","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662508097625","article-title":"Understanding public support for stem cell research: Media communication, interpersonal communication and trust in key actors","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Underst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.03.002","article-title":"Public acceptance of nanotechnology foods and food packaging: The influence of affect and trust","volume":"49","author":"Siegrist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2006.00859.x","article-title":"Laypeople\u2019s and Experts\u2019 Perception of Nanotechnology Hazards","volume":"27","author":"Siegrist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegel, A.F. (2016). Multiple Regression. Practical Business Statistics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804250-2.00012-2"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0460-8","article-title":"A One Health approach to managing the applications and implications of nanotechnologies in agriculture","volume":"14","author":"Lombi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-2963(97)00114-8","article-title":"Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Shopping for Food","volume":"42","author":"Grunert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.361","article-title":"Exploring the public\u2019s willingness to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from private road transport in Catalonia","volume":"646","author":"Zahedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-9255(03)00138-0","article-title":"The contingent valuation method: A review","volume":"24","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"StataCorp Stata (2017). Version: Stata Extended Regression Models Reference Manual: Release 15, StataCorp LLC."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chhipa, H., and Joshi, P. (2016). Nanofertilisers, Nanopesticides and Nanosensors in Agriculture. Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 1, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39303-2_9"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2019.100808","article-title":"Nano-pesticides: A great challenge for biodiversity? The need for a broader perspective","volume":"30","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Today"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/8\/1292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:51:36Z","timestamp":1760136696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/8\/1292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12081292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12081292","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]}}}