{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:32:05Z","timestamp":1785177125599,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through a National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea Government","award":["2021R1A6A1A10044950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A10044950"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through a National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea Government","award":["2020R1A2C1005735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1005735"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through a National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea Government","award":["LZ20E050003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ20E050003"]}]},{"name":"Midcareer Researcher Program through a National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea Government","award":["2021R1A6A1A10044950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A10044950"]}]},{"name":"Midcareer Researcher Program through a National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea Government","award":["2020R1A2C1005735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1005735"]}]},{"name":"Midcareer Researcher Program through a National Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea Government","award":["LZ20E050003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ20E050003"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021R1A6A1A10044950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A10044950"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020R1A2C1005735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1005735"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LZ20E050003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ20E050003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperature-, excitation wavelength-, and excitation power-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy have been utilized to investigate the orientation-modulated near band edge emission (NBE) and deep level emission (DLE) of ZnO single crystals (SCs). The near-band-edge emission of ZnO SC with &lt;0001&gt; orientation exhibits strong and sharp emission intensity with suppressed deep level defects (mostly caused by oxygen vacancies Vo). Furthermore, Raman analysis reveals that &lt;0001&gt; orientation has dominant E2 (high) and E2 (low) modes, indicating that this direction has better crystallinity. At low temperature, the neutral donor-to-bound exciton (DoX) transition dominates, regardless of the orientation, according to the temperature-dependent PL spectra. Moreover, free-exciton (FX) transition emerges at higher temperatures in all orientations. The PL intensity dependence on the excitation power has been described in terms of power-law (I~L\u03b1). Our results demonstrate that the \u03b1 for &lt;0001&gt;, &lt;1120&gt;, and &lt;1010&gt; is (1.148), (1.180), and (1.184) respectively. In short, the comprehensive PL analysis suggests that DoX transitions are dominant in the NBE region, whereas oxygen vacancies (Vo) are the dominant deep levels in ZnO. In addition, the &lt;0001&gt; orientation contains fewer Vo-related defects with intense excitonic emission in the near band edge region than other counterparts, even at high temperature (~543 K). These results indicate that &lt;0001&gt; growth direction is favorable for fabricating ZnO-based highly efficient optoelectronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"2192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Orientation-Mediated Luminescence Enhancement and Spin-Orbit Coupling in ZnO Single Crystals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeong Hwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4829-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials Application CEMEA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2139-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1039\/b502974k","article-title":"Synthesis and gas sensing properties of ZnO single crystal flakes","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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