{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:44:13Z","timestamp":1788432253717,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly transparent thin films with the chemical formula BaSrMgWO6 were deposited by spin coating using a solution of nitrates of Ba, Sr, and Mg and ammonium paratungstate in dimethylformamide with a Ba:Sr:Mg:W ratio = 1:1:1:1. XRD, SEM, EDX, and XPS investigations evidenced that annealing at 800 \u00b0C for 1 h results in an amorphous structure having a precipitate on its surface, and that supplementary annealing at 850 \u00b0C for 45 min forms a nanocrystalline structure and dissolves a portion of the precipitates. A textured double perovskite cubic structure (61.9%) was found, decorated with tetragonal and cubic impurity phases (12.7%), such as BaO2, SrO2, and MgO, and an under-stoichiometric phase (24.4%) with the chemical formula Ba2\u2212(x+y) SrxMgyWO5. From transmittance measurements, the values of the optical band gap were estimated for the amorphous (Egdir = 5.21 eV, Egind = 3.85 eV) and nanocrystalline (Egdir = 4.69 eV, Egind = 3.77 eV) phases. The presence of a lattice disorder was indicated by the high Urbach energy values and weak absorption tail energies. A decrease in their values was observed and attributed to the crystallization process, lattice strain diminution, and cation redistribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12162756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1660252505000},"page":"2756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Studies of the Structure and Optical Properties of BaSrMgWO6 Thin Films Deposited by a Spin-Coating Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luciana","family":"Punga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderrahman","family":"Abbassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LRPSI, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni-Mellal, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Mghila BP 592, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6807-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodor","family":"Alupului","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corneliu","family":"Doroftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNESIM-ICI, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Dobromir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Timpu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 1A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Doroftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 1A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Hrostea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAMTECH, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George G.","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6029-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelati","family":"Razouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LGEM, FST, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Iacomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galasso, F.S. (1969). Structure, Properties and Preparation of Perovskite-Type Compounds, Pergamon Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-012744-6.50005-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108767304024493","article-title":"Structures and phase transitions in perovskites\u2014A group-theoretical approach","volume":"61","author":"Howard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. A Found. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108768103010073","article-title":"Ordered double perovskites\u2014A group-theoretical analysis","volume":"59 Pt 4","author":"Howard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.09.113","article-title":"The influence of Zn2+ ions on the microstructure, electrical and gas sensing properties of La0.8Pb0.2FeO3 perovskite","volume":"191","author":"Doroftei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"332","article-title":"Partial substitution of manganese with cerium in SrMnO3 nano-perovskite catalyst. Effect of the modification on the catalytic combustion of dilute acetone. Mater","volume":"182","author":"Rezlescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2006.01.005","article-title":"A-site cation ordering in AA\u2019BB\u2032O6 perovskites","volume":"179","author":"Knapp","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0286(00)00002-4","article-title":"Cation ordering in complex oxides","volume":"4","author":"Davies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4596(03)00180-4","article-title":"Neutron powder diffraction study of nuclear and magnetic structures of oxidized and reduced YBa2Fe3O8+w","volume":"174","author":"Karen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1107\/S010876810600262X","article-title":"Structure prediction of ordered and disordered multiple octahedral cation perovskites using SPuDS","volume":"62","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014003","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab6293","article-title":"Double perovskites with 3d and 4d\/5d transition metals: Compounds with promises","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.12.282","article-title":"An overview of double perovskites A2B\u2032B\u2033O6 with small ions at A site: Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties","volume":"740","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100499","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202100499","article-title":"The Role of Dimensionality on the Optoelectronic Properties of Oxide and Halide Perovskites, and their Halide Derivatives","volume":"12","author":"Hoye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3560","article-title":"X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies of temperature and composition induced phase transitions in Ba2\u2212xSrxZnWO6 (0 \u2264 x \u2264 2) double perovskite oxides","volume":"177","author":"Manoun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2011.06.015","article-title":"Crystal growth, structures, and optical properties of the cubic double perovskites Ba2MgWO6 and Ba2ZnWO6","volume":"184","author":"Bugaris","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2003.0364","article-title":"Synthesis and dielectric properties of tungsten-based complex perovskites","volume":"18","author":"Khalyavin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2007.03.008","article-title":"Crystal structures of the double perovskites Ba2Sr1-xCaxWO6","volume":"180","author":"Fu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2010.11.017","article-title":"X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies of BaSrMWO6 (M=Ni, Co, Mg) double perovskite oxides","volume":"985","author":"Ezzahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2006.10.038","article-title":"Composition and temperature dependent phase transitions in Co\u2013W double perovskites, a synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction study","volume":"180","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5408(75)90095-1","article-title":"Crystal growth, and electrical and magnetic properties of Ba2CoWO6","volume":"10","author":"Khattak","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1590\/S0366-69132013000200011","article-title":"Structural and magnetic investigation of Ca2MnReO6 doped with Ce","volume":"59","author":"Depianti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceramica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsabah, Y.A., AlSalhi, M.S., Mustafa, E.M., Elbadawi, A.A., Devanesan, S., and Siddig, M.A. (2020). Synthesis, Phase Transition, and Optical Studies of Ba2\u2212xSrxZnWO6 (x = 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00) Tungsten Double Perovskite Oxides. Crystals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst10040299"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2004.05.093","article-title":"Synthesis, phase transition and thermal expansion studies on M2MgWO6 (M = Ba 2+ and Sr 2+) double perovskites","volume":"390","author":"Patwe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-4291-1","article-title":"Effect of sintering temperature on microstructures and microwave dielectric properties of Ba2MgWO6 ceramics","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22847","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02309-9","article-title":"On how the mechanochemical and co-precipitation synthesis method changes the sensitivity and operating range of the Ba2Mg1-xEuxWO6 optical thermometer","volume":"11","author":"Vu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120701","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0031196","article-title":"Recent advances in Re-based double perovskites: Synthesis, structural characterization, physical properties, advanced applications, and theoretical studies","volume":"10","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Abbassi, A. (2016). Opto-Electronic Properties of the Co-Doped ZnO, Perovskites BiMO3 and New Cubic Double Perovskite BaSrMgWO6 Oxides: Theory and Experiment. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculte des Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, M.A. (2022). Thin-Film Coating Methods: A Successful Marriage of High-Quality and Cost-Effectiveness\u2014A Brief Exploration. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202207.0177.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-018-1068-1","article-title":"Knop-Gericke,\u00b7A.; Rupprechter, G.; et al. The Chemical Evolution of the La0.6Sr0.4CoO3\u2212\u03b4 Surface Under SOFC Operating Conditions and Its Implications for Electrochemical Oxygen Exchange Activity","volume":"61","author":"Opitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn4072","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn4072","article-title":"Oxygen activation on Ba-containing perovskite materials","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2011.12.027","article-title":"Structure stability and microwave dielectric properties of double perovskite ceramics\u2014Ba2Mg1xCaxWO6 (0.0 \u2264 x \u2264 0.15)","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"21","article-title":"Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Monogr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"52","article-title":"Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns","volume":"539","author":"Swanson","year":"1956","journal-title":"Natl. Bur. Stand."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"475","article-title":"Chemical Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction","volume":"10","author":"Hanawalt","year":"1938","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.06.059","article-title":"Effect of the Substrate Nature on Electron Transport in Ga Doped ZnO Thin Films Grown by RF Sputtering","volume":"5","author":"Yildiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, C., Liu, H., Wang, S., and Yang, K. (2021). First-Principles Study on the Effect of Strain on Single-Layer Molybdenum Disulfide. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11113127"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15338-1","article-title":"Regulating strain in perovskite thin films through charge-transport layers","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2008.11.001","article-title":"Structural and magnetic properties of bulk and thin films of Mg0.95Mn0.05Fe2O4","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2014.07.010","article-title":"Work function reduction by BaO: Growth of crystalline barium oxide on Ag(001) and Ag(111) surfaces","volume":"632","author":"Droubay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4534(94)00562-1","article-title":"Single-crystal structural investigation of BaO2","volume":"233","author":"Roth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. C Supercond. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4596(77)90145-1","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of nonstoichiometric tungsten oxides","volume":"21","author":"Schiavello","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15744","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-01960-3","article-title":"Effect of phase transition on optical and photoluminescence properties of nano-MgWO4 phosphor prepared by a gamma-ray irradiation assisted polyacrylamide gel method","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA13975A","article-title":"Hydrogenated under-stoichiometric tungsten oxide anode interlayers for efficient and stable organic photovoltaics","volume":"2","author":"Vasilopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.14356\/kona.1990017","article-title":"An XPS Investigation of Hydrothermal and Commercial Barium Titanate Powders","volume":"8","author":"Hung","year":"1990","journal-title":"KONA Powder Part. J."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Jha, D., Himanshu, A.K., Singh, B.K., Shukla, D., Kuma, U., Kumar, R., Bhattacharyya, K., Shinde, A.B., Krishna, P.S.R., and Dutta, A. (2019, July 04). The X-ray Photoelectron and Co K-Edge Absorption Spectra of Ba2CoWO6. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/ftp\/arxiv\/papers\/1907\/1907.00342.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18382","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c00669","article-title":"Synthesis Attempt and Structural Studies of Novel A2CeWO6 Double Perovskites (A2+ = Ba, Ca) in and outside of Ambient Conditions","volume":"27","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1021\/cm203501u","article-title":"Chemical heterogeneities on La0.6Sr0.4CoO3\u2013\u03b4  thin films\u2014correlations to cathode surface activity and stability","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.201700334","article-title":"On Tungstates of Divalent Cations (I)\u2014Structural Investigation and Spectroscopic Properties of Sr2[WO5] and Ba2[WO5]","volume":"643","author":"Jantz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-022-05372-9","article-title":"Structural, magnetic, and dielectric studies of cubically ordered Sr2FeMnO6","volume":"128","author":"Triyono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b13040","article-title":"Electrochemical polarization dependence of the elastic and electrostatic driving forces to aliovalent dopant segregation on LaMnO3","volume":"142","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601863","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201601863","article-title":"Conductive and Stable Magnesium Oxide Electron-Selective Contacts for Efficient Silicon Solar Cells","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A5430","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0581903jes","article-title":"Lithium Magnesium Tungstate Solid as an Additive into Li(Ni1\/3 Mn1\/3 Co1\/3)O2 Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"166","author":"Yoshinaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q., and Zhu, X. (2022). Structural Characterization and Physical Properties of Double Perovskite La2FeReO6+\u03b4 Powders. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12020244"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Ambient Pressure XPS Study of Mixed Conducting Perovskite-Type SOFC Cathode and Anode Materials under Well-Defined Electrochemical Polarization","volume":"120","author":"Nenning","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"16087","article-title":"In Situ Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cobalt Perovskite Surfaces under Cathodic Polarization at High Temperatures","volume":"2117","author":"Crumlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1021\/ac102516n","article-title":"New Method for Determining the Elemental Composition and Distribution in Semiconductor Core-Shell Quantum Dots","volume":"83","author":"Zorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocom.2022.e00649","article-title":"Bright future in optoelectronics, photovoltaics and thermoelectric using the double perovskites oxides BaSrMgB\u2032O6 (B\u2032=Te, W)","volume":"30","author":"Benguerine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Condens. Matter."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"342","article-title":"Optical band-gap and associated Urbach energy tails in defected AlN thin films grown by ion beam sputter deposition: Effect of assisted ion energy","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Matter. Proc."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"802","article-title":"Electrical and optical properties of some polyazomethine thin films prepared by a spin-coating method","volume":"13","author":"Amironesei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2009.12.044","article-title":"On the structural and electrical characteristics of zinc oxide thin films","volume":"518","author":"Prepelita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlation of Bond Energy and Optical Band Energy of Annealed TiO2 Thin Films","volume":"9","author":"John","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Energy Res."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/16\/2756\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:07:31Z","timestamp":1760141251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/16\/2756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12162756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12162756","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202207.0413.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]}}}