{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:21:39Z","timestamp":1787880099111,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01CA247290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01CA247290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01 CA194574-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01 CA194574-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01 CA257557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 CA257557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL157740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL157740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA239124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA239124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jayne Koskinas and Ted Giovanis Foundation for Health and Policy (JKTGF)","award":["5R01CA247290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01CA247290"]}]},{"name":"Jayne Koskinas and Ted Giovanis Foundation for Health and Policy (JKTGF)","award":["5R01 CA194574-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01 CA194574-02"]}]},{"name":"Jayne Koskinas and Ted Giovanis Foundation for Health and Policy (JKTGF)","award":["1R01 CA257557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 CA257557"]}]},{"name":"Jayne Koskinas and Ted Giovanis Foundation for Health and Policy (JKTGF)","award":["R01 HL157740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL157740"]}]},{"name":"Jayne Koskinas and Ted Giovanis Foundation for Health and Policy (JKTGF)","award":["R01 CA239124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA239124"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["5R01CA247290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01CA247290"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["5R01 CA194574-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01 CA194574-02"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1R01 CA257557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 CA257557"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 HL157740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL157740"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 CA239124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA239124"]}]},{"name":"The School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg","award":["5R01CA247290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01CA247290"]}]},{"name":"The School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg","award":["5R01 CA194574-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01 CA194574-02"]}]},{"name":"The School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg","award":["1R01 CA257557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 CA257557"]}]},{"name":"The School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg","award":["R01 HL157740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL157740"]}]},{"name":"The School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg","award":["R01 CA239124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA239124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For patients diagnosed with advanced and unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver transplantation remains the best option to extend life. Challenges with organ supply often preclude liver transplantation, making palliative non-surgical options the default front-line treatments for many patients. Even with imaging guidance, success following treatment remains inconsistent and below expectations, so new approaches are needed. Imaging-guided thermal therapy interventions have emerged as attractive procedures that offer individualized tumor targeting with the potential for the selective targeting of tumor nodules without impairing liver function. Furthermore, imaging-guided thermal therapy with added standard-of-care chemotherapies targeted to the liver tumor can directly reduce the overall dose and limit toxicities commonly seen with systemic administration. Effectiveness of non-ablative thermal therapy (hyperthermia) depends on the achieved thermal dose, defined as time-at-temperature, and leads to molecular dysfunction, cellular disruption, and eventual tissue destruction with vascular collapse. Hyperthermia therapy requires controlled heat transfer to the target either by in situ generation of the energy or its on-target conversion from an external radiative source. Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) is a nanotechnology-based thermal therapy that exploits energy dissipation (heat) from the forced magnetic hysteresis of a magnetic colloid. MHT with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) requires the targeted deposition of MNPs into the tumor, followed by exposure of the region to an AMF. Emerging modalities such as magnetic particle imaging (MPI) offer additional prospects to develop fully integrated (theranostic) systems that are capable of providing diagnostic imaging, treatment planning, therapy execution, and post-treatment follow-up on a single platform. In this review, we focus on recent advances in image-guided MHT applications specific to liver cancer<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12162768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T03:33:20Z","timestamp":1660534400000},"page":"2768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Current Challenges in Image-Guided Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy for Liver Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7942-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirudh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-9862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Cressman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anilchandra","family":"Attaluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, PA 17057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dara L.","family":"Kraitchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ivkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2817","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2817","article-title":"Mortality Due to Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer in the United States, 1999\u20132016: Observational Study","volume":"362","author":"Tapper","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16978","article-title":"OPTN\/SRTR 2020 Annual Data Report: Liver","volume":"22","author":"Kwong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080901","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4811136","article-title":"MR-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, Present and Future","volume":"40","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.09.8657","article-title":"Transcatheter and Ablative Therapeutic Approaches for Solid Malignancies","volume":"25","author":"Liapi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-010-0012-y","article-title":"Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Liver Cancer: Is It Time to Distinguish Conventional from Drug-Eluting Chemoembolization?","volume":"34","author":"Liapi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29485","article-title":"Therapies for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Awaiting Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Kulik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11872","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011872","article-title":"Transarterial Chemoembolization Extends Long-Term Survival in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"97","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.05.002","article-title":"Quicker, Deeper and Stronger Imaging: A Review of Tumor-Targeted, near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes for Fluorescence Guided Surgery in the Preclinical and Clinical Stages","volume":"152","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3658","article-title":"Magnetic Particle Imaging: Tracer Development and the Biomedical Applications of a Radiation-Free, Sensitive, and Quantitative Imaging Modality","volume":"14","author":"Tung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.181362","article-title":"Clinically Approved Nanoparticle Imaging Agents","volume":"57","author":"Thakor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.26.10.100901","article-title":"Beer\u2013Lambert Law for Optical Tissue Diagnostics: Current State of the Art and the Main Limitations","volume":"26","author":"Oshina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11078","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c21655","article-title":"Affimer Tagged Cubosomes: Targeting of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Expressing Colorectal Cancer Cells Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models","volume":"14","author":"Pramanik","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1119317","article-title":"Hallmarks of Hyperthermia in Driving the Future of Clinical Hyperthermia as Targeted Therapy: Translation into Clinical Application","volume":"32","author":"Issels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2001.6126","article-title":"Clinical Radiation Oncology. Edited by L. L. Gunderson and J. E. Tepper","volume":"81","author":"Russell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.03.009","article-title":"Hyperthermia Dose-Effect Relationship in 420 Patients with Cervical Cancer Treated with Combined Radiotherapy and Hyperthermia","volume":"45","author":"Franckena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.06.021","article-title":"Confirmation of Thermal Dose as a Predictor of Local Control in Cervical Carcinoma Patients Treated with State-of-the-Art Radiation Therapy and Hyperthermia","volume":"140","author":"Kroesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500405","article-title":"Internal Magnetic Structure of Nanoparticles Dominates Time-Dependent Relaxation Processes in a Magnetic Field","volume":"25","author":"Dennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07B513","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3540589","article-title":"Internal Magnetic Structure of Dextran Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles in Solution Using Small Angle Neutron Scattering with Polarization Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Krycka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.836758","article-title":"Physics of Heat Generation Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia","volume":"29","author":"Dennis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.025","article-title":"Cancer Therapy with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Agents of Thermal and Immune Therapies","volume":"163\u2013164","author":"Soetaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0389-0","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Intratumoral Thermotherapy Using Magnetic Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with External Beam Radiotherapy on Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"103","author":"Ulrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9195-0","article-title":"Intracranial Thermotherapy Using Magnetic Nanoparticles Combined with External Beam Radiotherapy: Results of a Feasibility Study on Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"81","author":"Rothe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2018.1430867","article-title":"Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Review of the Therapy\u2019s History, Efficacy and Application in Humans","volume":"34","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(02)00818-5","article-title":"Hyperthermia in Combined Treatment of Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Wust","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"265","article-title":"Short Communication: Nanoparticle Thermotherapy and External Beam Radiation Therapy for Human Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"23","author":"Lehmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.801521","article-title":"Thermal Modelling Using Discrete Vasculature for Thermal Therapy: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Kok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1110757","article-title":"Thermoradiotherapy Planning: Integration in Routine Clinical Practice","volume":"32","author":"Crezee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2022.2032845","article-title":"Adapt2Heat: Treatment Planning-Assisted Locoregional Hyperthermia by on-Line Visualization, Optimization and Re-Optimization of SAR and Temperature Distributions","volume":"39","author":"Kok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"491","article-title":"Computational Evaluation of Amplitude Modulation for Enhanced Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia","volume":"60","author":"Soetaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2018.1538538","article-title":"Temperature-Controlled Power Modulation Compensates for Heterogeneous Nanoparticle Distributions: A Computational Optimization Analysis for Magnetic Hyperthermia","volume":"36","author":"Kandala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1779","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1779","article-title":"Clinical Magnetic Hyperthermia Requires Integrated Magnetic Particle Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Healy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Goodwill, P., Croft, L., Konkle, J., Lu, K., Saritas, E., Zheng, B., and Conolly, S. (2012). A Novel SPIO Nanoparticle Imaging Technique. Magnetic Particle Imaging, Springer Proceedings in Physics; Springer."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.924","article-title":"Iron Oxide MR Contrast Agents for Molecular and Cellular Imaging","volume":"17","author":"Bulte","year":"2004","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(03)00072-9","article-title":"A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Method for Measurement of Tissue Iron Concentration in Liver Arterially Embolized with Ferrimagnetic Particles Designed for Magnetic Hyperthermia Treatment of Tumors","volume":"21","author":"Pardoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N89","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/6\/401","article-title":"Detection Limits for Ferrimagnetic Particle Concentrations Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Proton Transverse Relaxation Rate Measurements","volume":"48","author":"Pardoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26800","article-title":"Establishing the Overlap of IONP Quantification with Echo and Echoless MR Relaxation Mapping","volume":"79","author":"Ring","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0177","article-title":"Noninvasive Measurement and Imaging of Liver Iron Concentrations Using Proton Magnetic Resonance","volume":"105","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26394","article-title":"Quantification and Biodistribution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Primary Clearance Organs of Mice Using T1 Contrast for Heating","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21399","article-title":"Positive Contrast Visualization of Iron Oxide-labeled Stem Cells Using Inversion-recovery with ON-resonant Water Suppression (IRON)","volume":"58","author":"Stuber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver, Galle, P.R., Forner, A., Llovet, J.M., Mazzaferro, V., Piscaglia, F., Raoul, J.-L., Schirmacher, P., and Vilgrain, V. (2018). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J. Hepatol., 69, 182\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.019"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29086","article-title":"AASLD Guidelines for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Heimbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8432","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4350","article-title":"Hyperthermia Ablation Combined with Transarterial Chemoembolization versus Monotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S285735","article-title":"Current Strategies to Identify Patients That Will Benefit from TACE Treatment and Future Directions a Practical Step-by-Step Guide","volume":"8","author":"Stoehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.12.98","article-title":"The Effect of Cell Cluster Size on Intracellular Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia: Is It Possible to Treat Microscopic Tumors?","volume":"8","author":"Hedayati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2022, August 01). Guerbet. Lipiodol (Ethiodized Oil) [Package Insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/009190s029s031lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2016.1159737","article-title":"Image-Guided Thermal Therapy with a Dual-Contrast Magnetic Nanoparticle Formulation: A Feasibility Study","volume":"32","author":"Attaluri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021, May 19). Simulation Based Strategies for Clinical Translation of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia. Available online: https:\/\/jscholarship.library.jhu.edu\/handle\/1774.2\/60223."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100796","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100796","article-title":"Superferromagnetic Nanoparticles Enable Order-of-Magnitude Resolution & Sensitivity Gain in Magnetic Particle Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Tay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03808","article-title":"Tomographic Imaging Using the Nonlinear Response of Magnetic Particles","volume":"435","author":"Gleich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1703008","article-title":"Design Analysis of an MPI Human Functional Brain Scanner","volume":"3","author":"Mason","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Magn. Part Imaging"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"166","article-title":"Estimation of Hepatic Arterial and Portal Venous Blood Flow by Direct Catheterization of the Vena Porta through the Umbilical Cord in Man. Preliminary Results","volume":"15","author":"Chiandussi","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Hepato-Splenol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Wheater, P.R., Burkitt, H.G., and Daniels, V.G. (2006). Wheater\u2019s Functional Histology, Elsevier Health Sciences. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732929","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.732929","article-title":"Liver Zonation\u2014Revisiting Old Questions with New Technologies","volume":"12","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew, S.A., Moscato, S., George, S., Azimi, B., and Danti, S. (2019). Liver Cancer: Current and Future Trends Using Biomaterials. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11122026"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1784","article-title":"Aberrant Homing of Mucosal T Cells and Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"6","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Ruebner, B.H., Montgomery, C.K., and French, S.W. (1991). Diagnostic Pathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract, Hemisphere Publishing Corp.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02338-z","article-title":"CT and MR Perfusion Techniques to Assess Diffuse Liver Disease","volume":"45","author":"Ronot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-1061-IEOVEG","article-title":"Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis in the Early Stage of Multistep Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"124","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-198712000-00006","article-title":"Reliability of the Hepatic Perfusion Index for the Detection of Liver Metastases","volume":"8","author":"Perkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2343031362","article-title":"Perfusion Imaging of the Liver: Current Challenges and Future Goals","volume":"234","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2292021128","article-title":"Hepatic Flow Parameters Measured with MR Imaging and Doppler US: Correlations with Degree of Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension","volume":"229","author":"Annet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.3.1760667","article-title":"Hepatic Perfusion Parameters in Chronic Liver Disease: Dynamic CT Measurements Correlated with Disease Severity","volume":"176","author":"Leconte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31722","article-title":"Hepatic Arterial Buffer Response in Patients with Advanced Cirrhosis: Hepatic Arterial Buffer Response in Patients with Advanced Cirrhosis","volume":"35","author":"Haag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.1.5","article-title":"Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperatures in the Resting Human Forearm","volume":"85","author":"Pennes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1767847","article-title":"Verification, Validation, and Predictive Capability in Computational Engineering and Physics","volume":"57","author":"Oberkampf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1913244","article-title":"Validation of a Coupled Electromagnetic and Thermal Model for Estimating Temperatures during Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia","volume":"38","author":"Kandala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2010.07.022","article-title":"High-Fidelity Computer Models for Prospective Treatment Planning of Radiofrequency Ablation with In Vitro Experimental Correlation","volume":"21","author":"Fuentes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2009.2019128","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Model for Determining Inhomogeneous Thermal Dosage in a Liver Tumor During Arterial Embolization Hyperthermia Incorporating Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2948388","article-title":"Effects of Variation in Perfusion Rates and of Perfusion Models in Computational Models of Radio Frequency Tumor Ablation","volume":"35","author":"Schutt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0990517","article-title":"Non-Invasive Quantification of Liver Perfusion with Dynamic Computed Tomography and a Dual-Input One-Compartmental Model","volume":"99","author":"Materne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i13.1598","article-title":"Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Liver","volume":"16","author":"Thng","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80437-3","article-title":"Deconvolution Technique for Measuring Tissue Perfusion by Dynamic CT Application to Normal and Metastatic Liver","volume":"9","author":"Cuenod","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2222","article-title":"Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Predictor of Clinical Outcome in Canine Spontaneous Soft Tissue Sarcomas Treated with Thermoradiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Viglianti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"91","article-title":"Perfusion Measurement Using DCE-MRI: Implications for Hyperthermia","volume":"24","author":"Wust","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"181","article-title":"Dual-Energy CT Revisited with Multidetector CT: Review of Principles and Clinical Applications","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110060","article-title":"Feasibility and Accuracy of Dual-Source Dual-Energy CT for Noninvasive Determination of Hepatic Iron Accumulation","volume":"262","author":"Joe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(89)90202-0","article-title":"A Multi-Dimensional Model of Momentum and Mass Transfer in the Liver","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2019.1631494","article-title":"Increased Uptake of Doxorubicin by Cells Undergoing Heat Stress Does Not Explain Its Synergistic Cytotoxicity with Hyperthermia","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3109\/02656730903286214","article-title":"Utility of Functional Imaging in Prediction or Assessment of Treatment Response and Prognosis Following Thermotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"e52688","article-title":"Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Donor Livers","volume":"99","author":"Karimian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07088-w","article-title":"Experimental Estimation and Analysis of Variance of the Measured Loss Power of Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Soetaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.826825","article-title":"Accuracy of Available Methods for Quantifying the Heat Power Generation of Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia","volume":"29","author":"Andreu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083921","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3551582","article-title":"Simple Models for Dynamic Hysteresis Loop Calculations of Magnetic Single-Domain Nanoparticles: Application to Magnetic Hyperthermia Optimization","volume":"109","author":"Carrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2012.2224647","article-title":"Magnetic Barcode Nanowires for Osteosarcoma Cell Control, Detection and Separation","volume":"49","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07A920","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3673823","article-title":"Magnetization Reversal Mechanisms in 35-Nm Diameter Fe1\u2212XGaX\/Cu Multilayered Nanowires","volume":"111","author":"Madhukar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1984.325372","article-title":"Usable Frequencies in Hyperthermia with Thermal Seeds","volume":"BME-31","author":"Atkinson","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4002225","article-title":"Using MicroCT Imaging Technique to Quantify Heat Generation Distribution Induced by Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatments","volume":"133","author":"Attaluri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2011.584856","article-title":"Nanoparticle Distribution and Temperature Elevations in Prostatic Tumours in Mice during Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia","volume":"27","author":"Attaluri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3112790","article-title":"PID Controlling Approach Based on FBG Array Measurements for Laser Ablation of Pancreatic Tissues","volume":"70","author":"Korganbayev","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korganbayev, S., Orrico, A., Bianchi, L., De Landro, M., Wolf, A., Dostovalov, A., and Saccomandi, P. (2020). Closed-Loop Temperature Control Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Laser Ablation of Hepatic Tissue. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226496"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100237","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202100237","article-title":"Closed-Loop Temperature-Controlled Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy with Magnetic Guidance of Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7093s","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-1004-0016","article-title":"Application of High Amplitude Alternating Magnetic Fields for Heat Induction of Nanoparticles Localized in Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Ivkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1798514","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia for Treating Locally Advanced Unresectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancers: The Role of Tumor Size and Eddy-Current Heating","volume":"37","author":"Attaluri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.2.r00nv41477","article-title":"Local Tumor Recurrence Following Hepatic Cryoablation: Radiologic-Histopathologic Correlation in a Rabbit Model","volume":"217","author":"Kuszyk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185113514050","article-title":"Rabbit Hepatic Arterial Anatomy Variations: Implications on Experimental Design","volume":"55","author":"Tam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2008.09.033","article-title":"Considerations for Implantation Site of VX2 Carcinoma into Rabbit Liver","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.08.009","article-title":"Animal Models for Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"1865","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63620","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18872","article-title":"A Validated, Transitional and Translational Porcine Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Schachtschneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27647","article-title":"Development and Comprehensive Characterization of Porcine Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Translational Liver Cancer Investigation","volume":"11","author":"Gaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S283","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.043","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus Infection","volume":"127","author":"Tennant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2017.04.005","article-title":"The Use of the Woodchuck as an Animal Model for Evaluation of Transarterial Embolization","volume":"28","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2019.08.031","article-title":"Transarterial Chemoembolization in a Woodchuck Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Pritchard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12100","article-title":"Suitability of the Woodchuck HCC as a Preclinical Model for Evaluation of Intra-arterial Therapies","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Model Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588101800402","article-title":"Canine Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Patnaik","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.03.018","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticles in MR Imaging and Drug Delivery","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"52651","article-title":"Combination Treatment with Transarterial Chemoembolization, Radiotherapy, and Hyperthermia (CERT) for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis: Final Results of a Prospective Phase II Trial","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.01.025","article-title":"To Heat or Not to Heat: Challenges with Clinical Translation of Thermosensitive Liposomes","volume":"249","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2433","article-title":"Phase III HEAT Study Adding Lyso-Thermosensitive Liposomal Doxorubicin to Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Lesions","volume":"24","author":"Tak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"(2022, August 01). ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of ThermoDox with Standardized Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) (OPTIMA), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02112656."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/16\/2768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:07:54Z","timestamp":1760141274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/16\/2768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12162768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12162768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}}}