{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:36:12Z","timestamp":1792290972952,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ferrous sulfate is one type of iron that is commonly used in iron supplementation and fortification in food products, but it has low stability and an unfavorable flavor, causing its use to be limited. Encapsulation in a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) system is one technology that offers stable active compound protection and a good delivery system; however, a solid lipid matrix should be selected which has good health effects, such as glycerol monolaurate or monolaurin. The purpose of this study was to obtain SLN-ferrous sulfate based on stearic acid and fat rich in monolaurin. SLN-Ferrous sulfate was synthesized at various concentrations of monolaurin-rich fat (20%; 30%; 40% w\/w lipid) and various concentrations of ferrous sulfate (5%; 10%; 15% w\/w lipid). The results showed that the use of monolaurin-rich fat 40% w\/w lipid and 15% w\/w ferrous sulfate produced the best characteristics with high entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of 0.06%. The Z-average value of SLN was 292.4 nm with a polydispersity index (PI) of 1.03. SLN-ferrous sulfate showed a spherical morphology, where the Fe trapped in the SLN was evenly dispersed in the lipid matrix to form a nanosphere system. Preparation of SLN-ferrous sulfate by double emulsion method based on stearic acid and fat rich in monolaurin effectively encapsulated ferrous sulfate with high entrapment efficiency and good physicochemical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12173054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T01:51:57Z","timestamp":1662515517000},"page":"3054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle-Ferrous Sulfate by Double Emulsion Method Based on Fat Rich in Monolaurin and Stearic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edy","family":"Subroto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robi","family":"Andoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4331-0311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossi","family":"Indiarto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endah","family":"Wulandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elgi Fadhilah Nadhirah","family":"Wadhiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2019.100227","article-title":"A Safe and Efficient Method for Encapsulation of Ferrous Sulfate in Solid Lipid Nanoparticle for Non-Oxidation and Sustained Iron Delivery","volume":"34","author":"Hatefi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Interface Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-85-4-0561","article-title":"Effect of Iron Source on Color and Appearance of Micronutrient-Fortified Corn Flour Tortillas","volume":"85","author":"Richins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereal Chem.-Cereal CHEM"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2174\/157340106778699449","article-title":"Use of Iron as a Fortificant in Whole-Wheat Flour and Leavened Flat Bread in Developing Countries","volume":"2","author":"Anjum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650602700103","article-title":"Fortification of Soy Sauce Using Various Iron Sources: Sensory Acceptability and Shelf Stability","volume":"27","author":"Watanapaisantrakul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2013.04.008","article-title":"Edible Lipid Nanoparticles: Digestion, Absorption, and Potential Toxicity","volume":"52","author":"McClements","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-021-03867-y","article-title":"Bottom\u2013up Nanoparticle Synthesis: A Review of Techniques, Polyphenol-Based Core Materials, and Their Properties","volume":"248","author":"Indiarto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2017.07.002","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles: Different Preparation Techniques, Characterization, Hurdles, and Strategies for the Production of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Oral Drug Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Ganesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2012.716845","article-title":"Nanostructured Lipid Carriers System: Recent Advances in Drug Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Iqbal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11483-008-9065-8","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Bioactive Food Components","volume":"3","author":"Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Biophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9563-0","article-title":"Recent Advances in Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations with Solid Matrix for Oral Drug Delivery","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2016.07.012","article-title":"Encapsulation of Rose Hip Seed Oil into Fibrous Zein Films for Ambient and on Demand Food Preservation via Coaxial Electrospinning","volume":"191","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13723","article-title":"Essential Oil Bioactive Fibrous Membranes Prepared via Coaxial Electrospinning","volume":"82","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14486","article-title":"Gallic Acid-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles by Electrospraying Process","volume":"84","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.03.064","article-title":"Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide Loaded Sodium Alginate Micro-Particles Prepared via Electrospraying in Controlled Deposition Environments","volume":"524","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14803","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Quercetin-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles by Electrospraying and Study of In Vitro Bioavailability","volume":"84","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01403","article-title":"Micro- and Nanoparticles by Electrospray: Advances and Applications in Foods","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrella-Osuna, D.E., Tapia-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Ru\u00edz-Cruz, S., M\u00e1rquez-R\u00edos, E., Ornelas-Paz, J.D., Del-Toro-S\u00e1nchez, C.L., Oca\u00f1o-Higuera, V.M., Rodr\u00edguez-F\u00e9lix, F., Estrada-Alvarado, M.I., and Cira-Ch\u00e1vez, L.A. (2022). Nanoencapsulation of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Peel Extract in Electrospun Gelatin Nanofiber: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Release. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132303"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez-R\u00edos, E., Robles-Garc\u00eda, M.\u00c1., Rodr\u00edguez-F\u00e9lix, F., Aguilar-L\u00f3pez, J.A., Reynoso-Mar\u00edn, F.J., Tapia-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Cinco-Moroyoqui, F.J., Ceja-Andrade, I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Vega, R.I., and Barrera-Rodr\u00edguez, A. (2022). Effect of Ionic Liquids in the Elaboration of Nanofibers of Cellulose Bagasse from Agave Tequilana Weber Var. Azul by Electrospinning Technique. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12162819"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.12.033","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Drugs by an Organic Solvent Free Double Emulsion Technique","volume":"140","author":"Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.4(6).324","article-title":"Bioactive Monolaurin as an Antimicrobial and Its Potential to Improve the Immune System and against COVID-19: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Subroto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1089\/act.2006.12.310","article-title":"A Review of Monolaurin and Lauric Acid","volume":"12","author":"Lieberman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Altern. Complement. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104724","article-title":"Effect of Medium Chain Fatty Acid in Human Health and Disease","volume":"87","author":"Roopashree","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000467","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2016-000467","article-title":"Lauric Acid-Rich Medium-Chain Triglycerides Can Substitute for Other Oils in Cooking Applications and May Have Limited Pathogenicity","volume":"3","author":"McCarty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"52","article-title":"Antibacterial Effects of Monolaurin, Sorbic Acid and Potassium Sorbate on Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli","volume":"1","author":"Zare","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Qual. Hazards Control"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b18-00256","article-title":"In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Monolaurin against Candida Albicans Biofilms","volume":"41","author":"Seleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020111","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5064108","article-title":"Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycerol Ester Hydrolyzed Coconut Oil Fatty Acid and Lauric Acid as Emulsifier and Antimicrobial Compound Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycerol Ester Hydrolyzed Coconut Oil Fatty Acid and Lauric Acid as Emulsifier and Antimicrobial Compou","volume":"2023","author":"Sangadah","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"31","article-title":"Enzymatic and Chemical Synthesis of High Mono- and Diacylglycerol from Palm Stearin and Olein Blend at Different Type of Reactor Stirrers","volume":"19","author":"Subroto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/08982100903161456","article-title":"Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability of Pentoxifylline by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Varshosaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.18502\/kls.v4i11.3859","article-title":"Supriyanto Synthesis of Emulsifier from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin by Chemical Glycerolysis in Stirred Tank Reactor","volume":"4","author":"Arum","year":"2019","journal-title":"KnE Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.4(4).398","article-title":"Monoacylglycerols and Diacylglycerols for Fat-Based Food Products: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Subroto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3109\/10611860903338462","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Gatifloxacin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Colloidal Ocular Drug Delivery System","volume":"18","author":"Kalam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.12.014","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Influences of Fatty Acids","volume":"83","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.07.065","article-title":"Quillaja Saponin: A Prospective Emulsifier for the Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"147","author":"Karthik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.08.070","article-title":"A Novel Approach to Oral Iron Delivery Using Ferrous Sulphate Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"456","author":"Zariwala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2011.07.001","article-title":"Formulation Development and Optimization of a Novel Cremophore EL-Based Nanoemulsion Using Ultrasound Cavitation","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"108","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) of Gliclazide","volume":"13","author":"Amalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205703","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/205703","article-title":"Development of a Controlled Release of Salicylic Acid Loaded Stearic Acid-Oleic Acid Nanoparticles in Cream for Topical Delivery","volume":"2014","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"3865","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Optimization of Primaquine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Omwoyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, A., Mohamed, M., Daftardar, S.B., Patel, M., Boddu, S.H.S., and Nesamony, J. (2017). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-42978-8.00012-7"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"153","article-title":"Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy\u2013Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)","volume":"Volume 75","author":"Girao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.23849","article-title":"Design, Formulation, and Characterization of Stearic Acid-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Candesartan Cilexetil to Augment Its Oral Bioavailability","volume":"11","author":"Mahajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"133","article-title":"Technology Developments Nanoparticles as Drug","volume":"8","author":"Martien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maj. Farm."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/17\/3054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:22:31Z","timestamp":1760142151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/12\/17\/3054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nano12173054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12173054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]}}}