{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T11:00:08Z","timestamp":1772881208923,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kasetsart University through the Graduate School Fellowship Program"},{"name":"Office of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation"},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation through Kasetsart University Reinventing University Program 2021"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of parabens in personal care products can result in their leakage into water bodies, especially in public swimming pools with insufficient water treatment. We found that ferrite-based nanomaterials could catalytically enhance ozone efficiency through the production of reactive oxygen species. Our objective was to develop a catalytic ozonation system using ternary nanocomposites that could minimize the ozone supply while ensuring the treated water was acceptable for disposal into the environment. A ternary CuFe2O4\/CuO\/Fe2O3 nanocomposite (CF) delivered excellent degradation performance in catalytic ozonation systems for butylparaben (BP). By calcining with melamine, we obtained the CF\/g-C3N4 (CFM) nanocomposite, which had excellent magnetic separation properties with slightly lower degradation efficiency than CF, due to possible self-agglomeration that reduced its electron capture ability. The presence of other constituent ions in synthetic wastewater and actual discharge water resulted in varying degradation rates due to the formation of secondary active radicals. 1O2 and \u2022O2\u2212 were the main dominant reactive species for BP degradation, which originated from the O3 adsorption that occurs on the CF\u2261Cu(I)\u2013OH and CF\u2261Fe(III)\u2013OH surface, and from the reaction with \u2022OH from indirect ozonation. Up to 50% of O3-treated water resulted in &gt;80% ELT3 cell viability, the presence of well-adhered cells, and no effect on the young tip of Ceratophyllum demersum L. Overall, our results demonstrated that both materials could be potential catalysts for ozonation because of their excellent degrading performance and, consequently, their non-toxic by-products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12203573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T22:45:29Z","timestamp":1665614729000},"page":"3573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fabrication of Ternary Nanoparticles for Catalytic Ozonation to Treat Parabens: Mechanisms, Efficiency, and Effects on Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Eker Leiomyoma Tumor-3 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Apiladda","family":"Pattanateeradetch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chainarong","family":"Sakulthaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athaphon","family":"Angkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samak","family":"Sutjarit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thapanee","family":"Poompoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9428-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-Tung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clifford E.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanat","family":"Chokejaroenrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04508-y","article-title":"Determination of Parabens, Triclosan, and Lipid Regulators in a Subtropical Urban River: Effects of Urban Occupation","volume":"231","author":"Reichert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1080\/03067310802272663","article-title":"Determination of chlorinated by-products of parabens in swimming pool water","volume":"88","author":"Terasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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